Classical competition and equilibrium: an agent-based analysis*

Jonathan Cogliano and Roberto Veneziani

Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 2026, vol. 49, issue 1, 183-210

Abstract: In A Mathematical Formulation of the Ricardian System, Pasinetti (1960) lays out the foundations of what has been dubbed the canonical classical model. He proves the model to be logically consistent and determinate in all of its macro-economic features, and derives the equilibrium values of all key variables independently of demand conditions. The model thus provides macroeconomic foundations to the classical theory of distribution. This paper examines the decentralized, competitive mechanism underlying the macroeconomic outcomes. First, we model a classical economy with capitalists, workers, and landlords and define the notion of a Classical Competitive Equilibrium (CCE). A unique CCE exists in a large class of convex classical economies, and the resulting income distribution coincides with that of Pasinetti’s canonical classical model. Second, we use an agent-based model in order to examine more explicitly the decentralized competitive mechanisms at play in the classical economy. We show that a simple competitive interaction between boundedly rational agents with localized knowledge generates classical gravitational dynamics with the key distributive variables oscillating around their equilibrium values.

Date: 2026
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Working Paper: Classical Competition and Equilibrium: An Agent-Based Analysis (2023)
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DOI: 10.1080/01603477.2025.2544050

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