A site-resolved two-dimensional quantum simulator with hundreds of trapped ions

S.-A. Guo, Y.-K. Wu, J. Ye, L. Zhang, W.-Q. Lian, R. Yao, Y. Wang, R.-Y. Yan, Y.-J. Yi, Y.-L. Xu, B.-W. Li, Y.-H. Hou, Y.-Z. Xu, W.-X. Guo, C. Zhang, B.-X. Qi, Z.-C. Zhou, L. He and L.-M. Duan ()
Additional contact information
S.-A. Guo: Tsinghua University
Y.-K. Wu: Tsinghua University
J. Ye: Tsinghua University
L. Zhang: Tsinghua University
W.-Q. Lian: Ltd
R. Yao: Ltd
Y. Wang: Tsinghua University
R.-Y. Yan: Tsinghua University
Y.-J. Yi: Tsinghua University
Y.-L. Xu: Tsinghua University
B.-W. Li: Ltd
Y.-H. Hou: Tsinghua University
Y.-Z. Xu: Tsinghua University
W.-X. Guo: Ltd
C. Zhang: Tsinghua University
B.-X. Qi: Tsinghua University
Z.-C. Zhou: Tsinghua University
L. He: Tsinghua University
L.-M. Duan: Tsinghua University

Nature, 2024, vol. 630, issue 8017, 613-618

Abstract: Abstract A large qubit capacity and an individual readout capability are two crucial requirements for large-scale quantum computing and simulation1. As one of the leading physical platforms for quantum information processing, the ion trap has achieved a quantum simulation of tens of ions with site-resolved readout in a one-dimensional Paul trap2–4 and of hundreds of ions with global observables in a two-dimensional (2D) Penning trap5,6. However, integrating these two features into a single system is still very challenging. Here we report the stable trapping of 512 ions in a 2D Wigner crystal and the sideband cooling of their transverse motion. We demonstrate the quantum simulation of long-range quantum Ising models with tunable coupling strengths and patterns, with or without frustration, using 300 ions. Enabled by the site resolution in the single-shot measurement, we observe rich spatial correlation patterns in the quasi-adiabatically prepared ground states, which allows us to verify quantum simulation results by comparing the measured two-spin correlations with the calculated collective phonon modes and with classical simulated annealing. We further probe the quench dynamics of the Ising model in a transverse field to demonstrate quantum sampling tasks. Our work paves the way for simulating classically intractable quantum dynamics and for running noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms7,8 using 2D ion trap quantum simulators.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07459-0

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