Nonbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census

Christopher Carpenter, Donna Feir, Krishna Pendakur and Casey Warman

No 33075, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: We provide the first evidence from a large population Census on earnings disparities experienced by nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify as men or women—and transgender people—those whose gender differs from their sex assigned at birth, relative to cisgender people. Using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records, we find that nonbinary individuals assigned male at birth, transgender men, transgender women, and cisgender women all earn significantly less than comparable cisgender men. Nonbinary individuals assigned female at birth experience an additional earnings penalty. Differences in job sorting explain a large share of these disparities.

JEL-codes: J0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024-10
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dem and nep-lab
Note: LS
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.nber.org/papers/w33075.pdf (application/pdf)
Access to the full text is generally limited to series subscribers, however if the top level domain of the client browser is in a developing country or transition economy free access is provided. More information about subscriptions and free access is available at http://www.nber.org/wwphelp.html. Free access is also available to older working papers.

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33075

Ordering information: This working paper can be ordered from
http://www.nber.org/papers/w33075
The price is Paper copy available by mail.

Access Statistics for this paper

More papers in NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.. Contact information at EDIRC.
Bibliographic data for series maintained by ().