Trade and Industrial Policy in Supply Chains: Directed Technological Change in Rare Earths

Laura Alfaro, Harald Fadinger, Jan Schymik and Gede Virananda

No 33877, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: Trade and industrial policies, while primarily intended to support domestic industries, may unintentionally stimulate technological progress abroad. We document this mechanism in the case of rare earth elements (REEs) – critical inputs for manufacturing at the knowledge frontier, with low elasticity of substitution, inelastic supply, and high production and processing concentration. To assess the importance of REEs across industries, we construct an input-output table that includes disaggregated REE inputs. Using REE-related patents categorized by a large language model, sectoral TFP data, trade data, and physical and chemical substitution properties of REEs, we show that the introduction of REE export restrictions by China led to a global surge in innovation and exports in REE-intensive downstream sectors outside of China. To rationalize these findings and quantify the global impact of the adverse REE supply shock, we develop a quantitative general equilibrium model of trade and directed technological change. We also propose a structural method to estimate sectoral input substitution elasticities for REEs from patent data and find REEs to be complementary inputs. Under endogenous technologies and with complementary inputs, input supply restrictions on REEs induce a surge in REE-enhancing innovation and lead to an expansion of REE-intensive downstream sectors.

JEL-codes: E0 E6 F02 F13 F14 F42 F6 O1 O33 O47 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025-05
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cna, nep-ene, nep-ino and nep-opm
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