Hysteresis and Selection in the Rise of Fascism: The ‘Ordinary Men’ of the Nazi Party

Luis Bosshart, Max Deter, Leander Heldring, Cathrin C. Mohr and Matthias Weigand

No 35120, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: We digitize and analyze the near-universe of National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) membership records and link them to population and industrial censuses. Four findings emerge. First, as the party expanded, its membership came to resemble the broader population more closely in occupational, demographic, and religious terms. Second, SS members’ characteristics remained different: younger, more educated, and more fanatical, as measured by the display of Nazi insignia in membership portraits. Third, within communities, coworkers, and families, early membership generated hysteresis, with subsequent entrants drawn from the same groups. Finally, local increases in party membership are associated with subsequent deportations of Germany’s Jews.

JEL-codes: D74 N44 P16 Z13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-04
Note: POL
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