Watering the Seeds of the Rural Economy: Evidence from Groundwater Irrigation in India

Camille Boudot-Reddy and André Butler

The World Bank Economic Review, 2025, vol. 39, issue 3, 571-591

Abstract: This study explores the impact of private investment in groundwater extraction for irrigation on the spatial and sectoral distribution of rural economic activity in India. Exploiting a kink in access to groundwater, generated from an absolute technological constraint on the operational capacity of irrigation pumps with depth of the water table, there is evidence of a significant improvement in agricultural production accompanied with modest consumption gains. Groundwater extraction causes a substantial increase in population density, but has no effect on the employment rate or labor reallocation between sectors of the economy. Furthermore, irrigated agriculture appears to provide additional employment opportunities for waged labor from surrounding non-irrigated villages.

Date: 2025
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