Sovereign Haircuts: 200 Years of Creditor Losses

Clemens M. Graf von Luckner (), Josefin Meyer (), Carmen M. Reinhart () and Christoph Trebesch ()
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Clemens M. Graf von Luckner: Sciences Po Paris
Josefin Meyer: DIW Berlin & CEPR
Carmen M. Reinhart: Harvard University, CEPR & NBER
Christoph Trebesch: Kiel Institute & CEPR

IMF Economic Review, 2025, vol. 73, issue 1, No 6, 150-195

Abstract: Abstract We study sovereign external debt crises over the past 200 years, with a focus on creditor losses, or “haircuts.” Our sample covers 327 sovereign debt restructurings with external private creditors over 205 default spells since 1815. Creditor losses vary widely (from none to 100%), but the statistical distribution has remained remarkably stable over two centuries, with an average haircut of around 45 percent. The data also reveal that “serial restructurings,” meaning two or more debt exchanges in the same default spell, are on the rise. To account for this trend toward serial renegotiation, we introduce the “Bulow–Rogoff haircut”–a cumulative measure that captures the combined creditor loss across all restructurings during a single debt crisis. Using this measure, we show that longer debt crises deliver larger haircuts and that interim restructurings provide limited debt relief. We further examine past predictors of the size of haircuts and identify “rules of thumb” applicable to future defaults. Poorer countries, first-time debt issuers, and those that borrowed heavily from external creditors all record significantly higher haircuts in case of a default. Geopolitical shocks–such as wars, revolutions, or the break-up of empires–deliver the deepest haircuts. Sovereign debt investment disasters are often linked to (geo-)political disasters.

Keywords: F30; G01; G15; N10 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1057/s41308-024-00268-5

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