Third-party countries in cyber conflict: Public opinion and conflict spillover in cyberspace

Miguel Alberto Gomez and Gregory H Winger
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Miguel Alberto Gomez: Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore & Center for Security Studies, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Gregory H Winger: School of Public and International Affairs, University of Cincinnati

Journal of Peace Research, 2025, vol. 62, issue 3, 535-549

Abstract: The transnational nature of cyberspace alters the role of third-party countries (TPCs) in international conflict. In the conventional environment, military operations are primarily confined to the boundaries of the combatants or a designated war zone. However, during cyber conflicts, operations may occur on the digital infrastructure of states not otherwise involved in the dispute. Nevertheless, within the cyber conflict literature, little is said about TPCs who, by virtue of interconnectivity, may find themselves involved in a conflict not of their own making. Consequently, we examine the political and diplomatic hazards of cyber operations involving these actors. Through survey experiments involving participants from the United Kingdom and Canada, we assess the public opinion impact of an offensive cyber operation’s revelation on a TPC population. We find that while these incidents are viewed negatively, prior authorization and the involvement of an ally reduces this tendency. Such conditions lead the public to perceive these operations as corresponding with their national interest while suppressing fears of the possible consequences following their indirect involvement.

Keywords: alliances; cyber operations; public opinion; survey experiment; third parties (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:sae:joupea:v:62:y:2025:i:3:p:535-549

DOI: 10.1177/00223433241235852

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