China's Normative Power in Central and Eastern Europe: ‘16/17 + 1’ Cooperation as a Tale of Unfulfilled Expectations

Jeremy Garlick and Fangxing Qin

Europe-Asia Studies, 2023, vol. 75, issue 4, 583-605

Abstract: Normative power China (NPC) has characteristics distinct from Manners’ conception of normative power Europe (NPE). While NPE attempts to establish rules for interaction, NPC introduces practices to be co-constituted via regional platforms through a process of ‘earned recognition’. In Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), NPC’s regionalising ‘group cooperation diplomacy’ has taken the form of the ‘16/17 + 1’ cooperation framework. Using normative power theory, the article assesses, via a critical discourse analysis of speeches and interviews, how and why China’s attempts to shape practices, earn recognition and create a community of practice in CEE have met with—at best—only limited success.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2023.2179601

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