Women’s Mobility and Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan

Robert Garlick, Erica Field and Kate Vyborny

No 11256, Policy Research Working Paper Series from The World Bank

Abstract: This paper studies whether commuting barriers constrain women’s labor supply in urban Pakistan. This study randomized offers of gender-segregated or mixed-gender commuting services at varying prices. Women-only transport more than doubled job application rates, while mixed-gender transport had minimal effects on men’s and women’s application rates. Women valued the women-only service more than large price discounts for the mixed-gender service. The results are similar for baseline labor force participants and non-participants, suggesting there are many “latent jobseekers’’ close to the margin of participation. These findings highlight the importance of safety and propriety concerns in women’s labor decisions.

Date: 2025-11-10
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-exp, nep-sea and nep-tre
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Related works:
Working Paper: Women’s Mobility and Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan (2025)
Working Paper: Women’s Mobility and Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan (2022)
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