The evolution of owner-entrepreneurs’ taxation: five tax regimes over a 160-year period

Niklas Elert (), Dan Johansson, Mikael Stenkula and Niklas Wykman ()
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Niklas Elert: Institute of Retail Economics (HFI)
Niklas Wykman: Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)

Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2023, vol. 33, issue 2, No 8, 517-540

Abstract: Abstract The institutional literature suggests that long-term tax incentives are crucial for entrepreneurs, but studies on this topic are hampered by problems related to how to define and measure entrepreneurial income. We resolve these problems by drawing on a theoretical definition of the entrepreneur as an owner, which enables us to identify entrepreneurship empirically by means of investments made by active owners of closely held corporations. Using detailed Swedish tax data, we analyze the tax incentives for such owner-entrepreneur investments from 1862 to 2018, thereby highlighting the evolution of a general institutional phenomenon through a long-run, in-depth, country-specific analysis. We calculate the annual marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital income for investments, distinguishing between average- and top-income entrepreneurs, and between three sources of finance. We identify five tax regimes that indicate substantial differences in institutional quality over time according to the magnitude of the METR and METR differences between average- and top-income entrepreneurs and across sources of finance. Growth-conducive tax incentives shed light on why so many successful entrepreneurial firms were founded in Sweden around 1900, whereas increased taxation helps explain the absence of new large entrepreneurial firms in Sweden after World War II. Improved incentives can be associated with Sweden’s recent entrepreneurial renaissance.

Keywords: High-impact entrepreneurship; Institutional quality; Marginal effective tax rates; Tax regimes; Tax reforms (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: H21 H31 H32 L25 L26 N44 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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Working Paper: The Evolution of Owner-Entrepreneurs’ Taxation: Five Tax Regimes over a 160-Year Period (2022)
Working Paper: The evolution of owner-entrepreneurs’ taxation: five tax regimes over a 160-year period (2022)
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DOI: 10.1007/s00191-022-00798-z

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