Discussion Papers

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23-27: Digitalization: Prices of Goods and Services

Vivian Chu, Tatjana Dahlhaus and Christopher Hajzler

23-26: Estimating the Appropriate Quantity of Settlement Balances in a Floor System

Narayan Bulusu, Matthew McNeely, Kaetlynd McRae and Jonathan Witmer

23-25: An Overview of the Indigenous Economy in Canada

Alex Chernoff and Calista Cheung

23-24: Variations in Pass-Through from Global Agricultural Commodity Prices to Domestic Food Inflation

Daniel Hyun and Jacky Lee

23-23: A Blueprint for the Fourth Generation of Bank of Canada Projection and Policy Analysis Models

Donald Coletti

23-22: Redefining Financial Inclusion for a Digital Age: Implications for a Central Bank Digital Currency

Alexandra Sutton-Lalani, Sebastian Hernandez, John Miedema, Jiamin Dai and Badr Omrane

23-21: Predicting Changes in Canadian Housing Markets with Machine Learning

Johan Brannlund, Helen Lao, Maureen MacIsaac and Jing Yang

23-20: Digitalization: Definition and Measurement

Guyllaume Faucher and Stephanie Houle

23-19: Forecasting Risks to the Canadian Economic Outlook at a Daily Frequency

Chinara Azizova, Bruno Feunou and James Kyeong

23-18: Digitalization: Implications for Monetary Policy

Vivian Chu, Tatjana Dahlhaus, Christopher Hajzler and Pierre-Yves Yanni

23-17: Digitalization: Productivity

Jeffrey Mollins and Temel Taskin

23-16: Digitalization: Labour Markets

Alex Chernoff and Gabriela Galassi

23-15: Unmet Payment Needs and a Central Bank Digital Currency

Christopher Henry, Walter Engert, Alexandra Sutton-Lalani, Sebastian Hernandez, Darcey McVanel and Kim Huynh

23-14: Cryptoasset Ownership and Use in Canada: An Update for 2022

Daniela Balutel, Christopher Henry and Doina Rusu

23-13: What Can Earnings Calls Tell Us About the Output Gap and Inflation in Canada?

Marc-André Gosselin and Temel Taskin

23-12: Estimating the Slope of the Demand Function at Auctions for Government of Canada Bonds

Bo Young Chang

23-11: Why Consumers Disagree About Future Inflation

Naveen Rai and Patrick Sabourin

23-10: Reviewing Canada’s Monetary Policy Implementation System: Does the Evolving Environment Support Maintaining a Floor System?

Toni Gravelle, Ron Morrow and Jonathan Witmer

23-9: A Review of the Bank of Canada’s Support of Key Financial Markets During the COVID-19 Crisis

Joshua Fernandes and Michael Mueller

23-8: Turning Words into Numbers: Measuring News Media Coverage of Shortages

Lin Chen and Stephanie Houle

23-7: What consistent responses on future inflation by consumers can reveal

Sarah Miller and Patrick Sabourin

23-6: A Review of the Bank of Canada’s Market Operations related to COVID-19

Grahame Johnson

23-5: The Canadian Neutral Rate of Interest through the Lens of an Overlapping-Generations Model

Martin Kuncl and Dmitry Matveev

23-4: Central Bank Digital Currencies and Banking: Literature Review and New Questions

James Chapman, Jonathan Chiu, S. Mohammad R. Davoodalhosseini, Janet Hua Jiang, Francisco Rivadeneyra and Yu Zhu

23-3: The 2021–22 Surge in Inflation

Oleksiy Kryvtsov, James (Jim) MacGee and Luis Uzeda

23-2: Summaries of Central Bank Policy Deliberations: A Canadian Context

Monica Jain, Walter Muiruri, Jonathan Witmer, Sharon Kozicki and Jeremy Harrison

23-1: The 2021–22 Merchant Acceptance Survey Pilot Study

Angelika Welte and Joy Wu

22-23: 2021 Methods-of-Payment Survey Report

Christopher Henry, Matthew Shimoda and Julia Zhu

22-22: Financial Constraints and Corporate Investment in China

Kun Mo and Michel Soudan

22-21: The Relative Benefits and Risks of Stablecoins as a Means of Payment: A Case Study Perspective

Annetta Ho, Sriram Darbha, Yuliya Gorelkina and Alejandro Garcia

22-20: Stablecoins and Their Risks to Financial Stability

Cameron MacDonald and Laura Zhao

22-19: Calculating Effective Degrees of Freedom for Forecast Combinations and Ensemble Models

James Younker

22-18: COVID and Financial Stability: Practice Ahead of Theory

Jing Yang, Hélène Desgagnés, Grzegorz Halaj and Yaz Terajima

22-17: Cash, COVID-19 and the Prospects for a Canadian Digital Dollar

Walter Engert and Kim Huynh

22-16: Income Inequality in Canada

Sarah Burkinshaw, Yaz Terajima and Carolyn A. Wilkins

22-15: Canadians’ Access to Cash Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Heng Chen and Marie-Helene Felt

22-14: The Business Leaders’ Pulse—An Online Business Survey

Tony Chernis, Chris D'Souza, Kevin MacLean, Tasha Reader, Joshua Slive and Farrukh Suvankulov

22-13: Settlement Balances Deconstructed

Parnell Chu, Grahame Johnson, Scott Kinnear, Karen McGuinness and Matthew McNeely

22-12: Nowcasting Canadian GDP with Density Combinations

Tony Chernis and Walter Engert

22-11: Identifying Financially Remote First Nations Reserves

Heng Chen, Walter Engert, Kim Huynh and Daneal O’Habib

22-10: Bitcoin Awareness, Ownership and Use: 2016–20

Daniela Balutel, Marie-Helene Felt, Gradon Nicholls and Marcel Voia

22-9: Uncertainty and Monetary Policy Experimentation: Empirical Challenges and Insights from Academic Literature

Matteo Cacciatore, Dmitry Matveev and Rodrigo Sekkel

22-8: Cash and COVID-19: What happened in 2021

Heng Chen, Walter Engert, Kim Huynh, Daneal O’Habib, Joy Wu and Julia Zhu

22-7: Contribution of Human Capital Accumulation to Canadian Economic Growth

Audra Bowlus, Youngmin Park and Chris Robinson

22-6: Real Exchange Rate Decompositions

Bruno Feunou, Jean-Sebastien Fontaine and Ingomar Krohn

22-5: COVID-19, Containment and Consumption

Tatjana Dahlhaus, Daniel Hyun, Antoine Poulin-Moore, Jaime Trujillo, Saarah Sheikh and Benjamin Straus

22-4: A Horse Race of Alternative Monetary Policy Regimes Under Bounded Rationality

Joel Wagner, Tudor Schlanger and Yang Zhang

22-3: Payment Coordination and Liquidity Efficiency in the New Canadian Wholesale Payments System

Francisco Rivadeneyra and Yinan Nellie Zhang

22-2: Heterogeneity and Monetary Policy: A Thematic Review

Felipe Alves, Christian Bustamante, Xing Guo, Katya Kartashova, Soyoung Lee, Thomas Michael Pugh, Kurt See, Yaz Terajima and Alexander Ueberfeldt

22-1: Transition Scenarios for Analyzing Climate-Related Financial Risk

Y.-H. Henry Chen, Erik Ens, Olivier Gervais, Hossein Mirshojaeian Hosseini, Craig Johnston, Serdar Kabaca, Miguel Molico, Sergey Paltsev, Alex Proulx and Argyn Toktamyssov