What We Teach about Race and Gender: Representation in Images and Text of Children's Books

Anjali Adukia, Alex Eble, Emileigh Harrison (), Hakizumwami Birali Runesha () and Teodora Szasz ()
Additional contact information
Emileigh Harrison: University of Chicago
Hakizumwami Birali Runesha: University of Chicago
Teodora Szasz: University of Chicago

No 16058, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: Books shape how children learn about society and norms, in part through representation of different characters. We use computational tools to characterize representation in children’s books widely read in homes, classrooms, and libraries over the last century, and describe economic forces that may contribute to these patterns. We introduce new artificial intelligence methods for systematically converting images into data. We apply these tools, alongside text analysis methods, to measure skin color, race, gender, and age in the content of these books, documenting what has changed and what has endured over time. We find underrepresentation of Black and Latinx people in the most influential books, relative to their population shares, though representation of Black individuals increases over time. Females are also increasingly present but appear less often in text than in images, suggesting greater symbolic inclusion in pictures than substantive inclusion in stories. Characters in these influential books have lighter average skin color than in other books, even after conditioning on race, and children are depicted with lighter skin color than adults on average. We then present empirical analysis of related economic behavior to better understand the representation we find in these books. On the demand side, we show that people consume books that center their own identities, and that the types of children's books purchased correlate with local political beliefs. On the supply side, we document higher prices for books that center non-dominant social identities and fewer copies of these books in libraries that serve predominantly White communities.

Keywords: children; curriculum; images as data; representation; libraries; education; race; gender (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I21 I24 J15 J16 Z1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 123 pages
Date: 2023-04
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-big, nep-cul, nep-ltv and nep-ure
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (4)

Published - published in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2023, 138 (4), 2225 - 2285

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Related works:
Journal Article: What We Teach About Race and Gender: Representation in Images and Text of Children’s Books* (2023)
Working Paper: What We Teach About Race and Gender: Representation in Images and Text of Children’s Books (2021)
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