How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay

Martha Bailey, Thomas E. Helgerman and Bryan Stuart

No 31332, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: In the 1960s, two landmark statutes—the Equal Pay and Civil Rights Acts—targeted the long-standing practice of employment discrimination against U.S. women. For the next 15 years, the gender gap in median earnings among full-time, full-year workers changed little, leading many scholars to conclude the legislation was ineffectual. This paper revisits this conclusion using two research designs, which leverage (1) cross-state variation in pre-existing state equal pay laws and (2) variation in the 1960 gender gap across occupation-industry-state-group cells to capture differences in the legislation’s incidence. Both designs suggest that federal anti-discrimination legislation led to striking gains in women’s relative wages, which were concentrated among below-median wage earners. These wage gains offset pre-existing labor-market forces which worked to depress women’s relative pay growth, resulting in the apparent stability of the gender gap at the median and mean in the 1960s and 1970s. The data show little evidence of short-term changes in women’s employment but suggest that firms reduced their hiring and promotion of women in the medium to long term. The historical record points to the key role of the Equal Pay Act in driving these changes.

JEL-codes: J16 J71 N32 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023-06
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-gen, nep-his and nep-lab
Note: CH DAE LE LS
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

Published as Martha J Bailey & Thomas Helgerman & Bryan A Stuart, 2024. "How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol 139(3), pages 1827-1878.

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.nber.org/papers/w31332.pdf (application/pdf)

Related works:
Journal Article: How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay* (2024)
Working Paper: How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay (2023)
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31332

Ordering information: This working paper can be ordered from
http://www.nber.org/papers/w31332

Access Statistics for this paper

More papers in NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.. Contact information at EDIRC.
Bibliographic data for series maintained by ().