Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census

Christopher Carpenter, Donna Feir, Krishna Pendakur and Casey Warman

No 33075, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: The social and legal recognition of nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify with traditionally male or female genders—is growing. Yet, we know little about their economic realities. We offer the first nationally representative evidence on the earnings of nonbinary people using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records. We find that, although nonbinary individuals tend to be more educated than their peers, they have significantly lower earnings, especially at the bottom of the income distribution, even after adjusting for various demographic and socioeconomic factors.

JEL-codes: J0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024-10
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dem and nep-lab
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Working Paper: Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census (2024)
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