Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development

William Easterly and Ross Levine ()

No 9106, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: Does economic development depend on geographic endowments like temperate instead of tropical location, the ecological conditions shaping diseases, or an environment good for grains or certain cash crops? Or do these endowments of tropics, germs, and crops affect economic development only through institutions or policies? We test the endowment, institution, and policy views against each other using cross country evidence. We find evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect development through institutions. We find no evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect country incomes directly other than through institutions, nor do we find any effect of policies on development once we control for institutions.

JEL-codes: N1 O1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2002-08
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dev, nep-lam and nep-mic
Note: EFG IFM
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (165)

Published as Easterly, William & Levine, Ross, 2003. "Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 3-39, January.

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Journal Article: Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development (2003)
Working Paper: Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development (2002)
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