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Details about Duncan H. Boughton

Homepage:https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/boughton_d
Workplace:Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, (more information at EDIRC)

Access statistics for papers by Duncan H. Boughton.

Last updated 2023-10-09. Update your information in the RePEc Author Service.

Short-id: pbo252


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Working Papers

2023

  1. Myanmar’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
    Agrifood System Diagnostics Country Series, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads

2022

  1. Sustainable Food System in Southeast Asia Under and Beyond COVID-19 Policy Evidence and Call for Action a Conference Synthesis
    PRCI Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Food Security Group Downloads

2020

  1. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural commodity traders - Late June 2020 survey round
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  2. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural commodity traders - May 2020 survey round
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads View citations (2)
  3. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural commodity traders - May 2020 survey round - An analytical summary [in Burmese]
    Myanmar SSP summary notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  4. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural commodity traders - Synopsis of results from three survey rounds through early August 2020
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads View citations (2)
  5. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural commodity traders - Synopsis of results from three survey rounds through early August 2020 [in Burmese]
    Myanmar SSP summary notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  6. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - June 2020 survey round
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  7. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - May 2020 survey round
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads View citations (1)
  8. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - Mid-June and early July 2020 survey rounds
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  9. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - Synopsis of results from five survey rounds through late July 2020
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  10. Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - Synopsis of results from five survey rounds through late July 2020 [in Burmese]
    Myanmar SSP summary notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  11. Strengthening smallholder agriculture is essential to defend food and nutrition security and rural livelihoods in Myanmar against the COVID-19 threat: Elements for a proactive response
    Myanmar SSP policy notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads View citations (8)

2019

  1. Agricultural Research Capacity and Extension Linkages in Myanmar: Assessment and Recommendations
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security (FSP) Downloads
  2. Myanmar
    ASTI country briefs, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads
  3. Strengthening locally led agricultural policy analysis capacity: Lessons from experience
    Research briefs, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads

2018

  1. CROP PRODUCTION AND PROFITABILITY IN MYANMAR’S DRY ZONE
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security (FSP) Downloads View citations (2)

2017

  1. Agricultural and Rural Transformation in Myanmar: Racehorse or Donkey?
    2017 ASAE 9th International Conference, January 11-13, Bangkok, Thailand, Asian Society of Agricultural Economists (ASAE) Downloads
  2. CROP PRODUCTION AND PROFITABILITY IN AYEYARWADY AND YANGON
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security (FSP) Downloads View citations (4)
  3. Revitalized agriculture for balanced growth and resilient livelihoods: Toward a rural development strategy for Mon State
    IFPRI discussion papers, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads View citations (1)
  4. Rural livelihoods in Mon State: Evidence from a representative household survey
    IFPRI discussion papers, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads

2016

  1. RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN MON STATE, MYANMAR: EVIDENCE FROM A REPRESENTATIVE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security (FSP) Downloads View citations (2)

2015

  1. A Quiet Revolution Emerging in the Fish-farming Value Chain in Myanmar: Implication for National Food Security
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security (FSP) Downloads View citations (1)
    Also in Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (2015) Downloads View citations (1)
  2. AQUACULTURE IN TRANSITION: VALUE CHAIN TRANSFORMATION, FISH AND FOOD SECURITY IN MYANMAR
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security (FSP) Downloads View citations (5)
  3. Food Crop Marketing and Agricultural Productivity in a High Price Environment: Evidence and Implications for Mozambique
    2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy, International Association of Agricultural Economists Downloads View citations (4)
    Also in Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (2014) Downloads View citations (5)

    See also Journal Article Food crop marketing and agricultural productivity in a high price environment: evidence and implications for Mozambique, Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer (2017) Downloads View citations (5) (2017)
  4. Overcoming Isolation: An Exploration of the Rapid Growth in Pulse Exports from Myanmar
    2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy, International Association of Agricultural Economists Downloads

2014

  1. Winds of Change:A Rapid Appraisal of Four Pulse Value Chains in Myanmar
    Miscellaneous Publications, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)

2013

  1. A Strategic Agricultural Sector and Food Security Diagnostic for Myanmar
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (7)

2012

  1. Staple Food Market Sheds in West Africa
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (5)

2011

  1. A Estrutura e Tendência da Despesa Pública Agrícola em Moçambique
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  2. Pathways to Improved Profitability and Sustainability of Cotton Cultivation at Farm Level in Africa: an Approach to Addressing Critical Knowledge Gaps
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)
  3. Smallholder Heterogeneity and Maize Market Participation in Southern and Eastern Africa: Implications for Investment Strategies to Increase Marketed Food Staple Supply
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (10)
  4. What Kind of Agricultural Strategies Lead to Broad-Based Growth: Implications For Country-Led Agricultural Investment Programs
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (4)

2010

  1. Achieving Food Security in Mali: Key Issues and Investment Needs
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  2. Mali's Agricultural Sector: Trends and Performance
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  3. Mali’s Food Security Challenges: An Overview
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  4. Patterns and Trends in Food Staples Markets in Eastern and Southern Africa: Toward the Identification of Priority Investments and Strategies for Developing Markets and Promoting Smallholder Productivity Growth
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (38)
  5. Rapid Reconnaissance of Coarse Grain Production and Marketing in the CMDT zone of southern Mali: field work report of the IER-CSA-PROMISAM team December 13-19, 2009
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (3)

2009

  1. Can Bt Technology Reduce Poverty Among African Cotton Growers? An Ex Ante Analysis of the Private and Social Profitability of Bt Cotton Seed in Mozambique
    2009 Conference, August 16-22, 2009, Beijing, China, International Association of Agricultural Economists Downloads
  2. Contract farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from cotton on what works and under what conditions
    ReSAKSS issue notes, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Downloads View citations (2)
  3. Food Security in Developing Countries
    Staff Paper Series, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (11)
  4. Measuring the Impact of Public and Private Assets on Household Crop Income in Rural Mozambique, 2002-2005
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (2)
  5. Medição do Impacto dos Bens Públicos e Privados sobre os Rendimentos Familiares Provenientes de Culturas em Moçambique Rural, 2002-2005
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  6. Prospects for BT Cotton In Mozambique
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads

2008

  1. EVALUATION OF THE 2006/7 AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUBSIDY PROGRAMME, MALAWI. FINAL REPORT
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (31)
  2. Household Income and Assets in Rural Mozambique, 2002-2005: Can Pro-Poor Growth Be Sustained?
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (21)
  3. Renda e activos de agregados familiares rurais em Moçambique, 2002-2005: É possível sustentar o desenvolvimento a favor dos pobres?
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads

2006

  1. Changes in Rural Household Income Patterns in Mozambique, 1996-2002, and Implications for Agriculture’s Contribution to Poverty Reduction
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (2)
  2. Interlinked Transactions in Cash Cropping Economies: The Determinants of Farmer Participation and Performance in the Zambezi River Valley of Mozambique
    2006 Annual Meeting, August 12-18, 2006, Queensland, Australia, International Association of Agricultural Economists Downloads View citations (12)
  3. Mudanças nos Padrões dos Rendimentos de Agregados Familiares Rurais em Moçambique de 1996 a 2002 e suas Implicações para a Contribuição da Agricultura para a Redução da Pobreza
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  4. The Many Paths of Cotton Sector Reform in Eastern and Southern Africa: Lessons From a Decade of Experience
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (6)
    Also in Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (2006) Downloads View citations (7)
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (2006) Downloads View citations (6)
  5. Using Rural Household Income Survey Data to Inform Poverty Analysis: An Example from Mozambique
    2006 Annual Meeting, August 12-18, 2006, Queensland, Australia, International Association of Agricultural Economists Downloads View citations (4)

2004

  1. Como Evitar Matar a Galinha dos Ovos de Ouro: Uma Análise dos Potenciais Impactos de Uma Taxa Sobre as Exportações de Tabaco Não Processado em Moçambique
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  2. Determinants of Rural Income, Poverty, and Perceived Well-Being in Mozambique in 2001-2002
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (10)
  3. How To Avoid Killing The Chicken That Lays The Golden Eggs: An Analysis Of The Potential Impacts Of An Export Tax On Raw Tobacco In Mozambique
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (5)
  4. Sector Comercial de Sementes - Progressos e Perspectivas de Desenvolvimento
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)

2003

  1. COTTON SECTOR POLICIES AND PERFORMANCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:LESSONS BEHIND THE NUMBERS IN MOZAMBIQUE AND ZAMBIA
    2003 Annual Meeting, August 16-22, 2003, Durban, South Africa, International Association of Agricultural Economists Downloads View citations (11)
    Also in Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (2002) Downloads View citations (9)
  2. Coordination for Long-Term Food Security by Government, Private Sector and Donors: Issues and Challenges
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (6)
  3. Qual o Papel da Agricultura Familiar Comercial no Desenvolvimento Rural e Ruduço da Pobreza em Moçambique?
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)

2002

  1. O Desafio Do Saláio Minimo: Considerações Teóricas E Práticas
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads

2001

  1. A Regulamentação de Comercialização da Castanha de Caju: Como Torná-la um Instrumento Revitalizador do Sub-Sector Cajueiro em Moçambique?
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  2. Constraints and Strategies for the Development of the Seed System in Mozambique
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (11)
  3. Constrangimentos e Estratégias para o Desenvolvimento do Sistema de Sementes em Moçambique
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)
  4. Desempenho do Sector Algodoeiro ao Nível da Machamba em Nampula: Situação Actual e Perspectivas para o seu Melhoramento
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (2)
  5. Investment Priorities for the Development of Mozambique's Seed System
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)
  6. O “Ouro branco”que não dá riqueza: Como de novo torná-lo uma cultura rentável
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  7. Prioridades de Investimento para o Desenvolvimento do Sistema de Sementes em Moçambique
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads

2000

  1. Comparing Yields and Profitability in MADER's High- and Low-Input Maize Programs: 1997/98 Survey Results and Analysis
    Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)
  2. Comparing Yields and Profitability in MARD's High- and Low-Input Maize Programs 1997/98 Survey Results and Analysis
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  3. Observations and Emerging Lessons from the 1998/99 High-Input Maize Program in Nampula Province, Mozambique
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  4. Observações e Lições Emergentes do Programa de Milho com Insumos na Época 1998/99 na Província de Nampula, Moçambique
    Food Security Collaborative Policy Briefs, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads

1999

  1. Increasing Seed System Efficiency in Africa: Concepts, Strategies and Issues
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (12)

1997

  1. Determinants of Diversification of Urban Sahel Diets into Maize: A Contingent Valuation Study of Processed Maize Demand in Mali
    1997 Conference, August 10-16, 1997, Sacramento, California, International Association of Agricultural Economists Downloads View citations (3)
  2. No Shortcuts to Progress: An Assessment of Agricultural Research Planning and Priority Setting in Africa
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  3. TRANSFORMATION VERSUS STAGNATION IN THE OIL PALM INDUSTRY: A COMPARISON BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND NIGERIA
    Staff Paper Series, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (3)
  4. Une approche stratégique pour la planification du programme de recherche agricole en Afrique sub-saharienne
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
    Also in Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (1996) Downloads

1996

  1. A Strategic Approach to Agricultural Research Program Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (2)
    Also in Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (1995) Downloads View citations (8)
  2. How Non-Research Investments Affect Research Impact: The Case of Maize Technology Adoption in Southern Mali
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  3. USAID Contributes to Building National Capacity to Strengthen Food Security: An Example from Mali
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
  4. Uma Abordagem Estratégica Sobre e Planificação de Programas de Pesquisa Agrícola na África Sub-Sahariana
    Food Security International Development Policy Syntheses, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads

1994

  1. Agricultural Research Impact Assessment: The Case of Maize Technology Adoption in Southern Mali
    Food Security International Development Working Papers, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (17)
  2. Analyzing the Impact of Structural Adjustment on Commodity Subsectors: Currency Devaluation and the Maize Subsector in Mali
    Staff Paper Series, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (1)
  3. From Pilot Study to Commodity Subsector Economics Program: Institutionalizing a Market-Oriented Approach to Agricultural Research in Mali
    Staff Paper Series, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads View citations (3)
  4. Processing and Preparation Costs for Rice and Coarse Grains in Urban Mali: Subjecting an IPSE DIXIT to Empirical Scrutiny
    Staff Paper Series, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads
    See also Journal Article Processing and preparation costs for rice and coarse grains in urban Mali: Subjecting an Ipse Dixit to empirical scrutiny, Food Policy, Elsevier (1995) Downloads View citations (6) (1995)

Undated

  1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ON-FARM TRIALS: A REVIEW OF APPROACHES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH PROGRAM DESIGN
    Staff Paper Series, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Downloads

Journal Articles

2023

  1. Farmer demand for certified legume seeds and the viability of farmer seed enterprises: Evidence from Myanmar
    Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, 2023, 15, (2), 555-569 Downloads View citations (2)

2022

  1. Urban food prices under lockdown: evidence from Myanmar’s traditional food retail sector during COVID-19
    Applied Economics, 2022, 54, (47), 5412-5441 Downloads View citations (1)

2021

  1. Impacts of COVID-19 on agricultural production and food systems in late transforming Southeast Asia: The case of Myanmar
    Agricultural Systems, 2021, 188, (C) Downloads View citations (9)

2018

  1. Measuring Hope: A Quantitative Approach with Validation in Rural Myanmar
    Journal of Development Studies, 2018, 54, (11), 2078-2094 Downloads View citations (13)

2017

  1. Food crop marketing and agricultural productivity in a high price environment: evidence and implications for Mozambique
    Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, 2017, 9, (6), 1405-1418 Downloads View citations (5)
    See also Working Paper Food Crop Marketing and Agricultural Productivity in a High Price Environment: Evidence and Implications for Mozambique, 2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy (2015) Downloads View citations (4) (2015)

2015

  1. Regional Dimensions of South Africa's CAADP Process: Lessons from West Africa
    African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2015, 10, (01), 19 Downloads

2013

  1. Explaining smallholder maize marketing in southern and eastern Africa: The roles of market access, technology and household resource endowments
    Food Policy, 2013, 43, (C), 248-266 Downloads View citations (35)

1997

  1. Promoting sustainable intensification and productivity growth in Sahel agriculture after macroeconomic policy reform
    Food Policy, 1997, 22, (4), 317-327 Downloads View citations (12)
  2. Will promotion of coarse grain processing turn the tide for traditional cereals in the Sahel? Recent empirical evidence from Mali
    Food Policy, 1997, 22, (4), 307-316 Downloads View citations (9)

1995

  1. Processing and preparation costs for rice and coarse grains in urban Mali: Subjecting an Ipse Dixit to empirical scrutiny
    Food Policy, 1995, 20, (1), 41-50 Downloads View citations (6)
    See also Working Paper Processing and Preparation Costs for Rice and Coarse Grains in Urban Mali: Subjecting an IPSE DIXIT to Empirical Scrutiny, Staff Paper Series (1994) Downloads (1994)
 
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