Monetary policy transmission: a reference guide through ESCB models and empirical benchmarks

Alina Bobasu, Matteo Ciccarelli, Alessandro Notarpietro, Gene Ambrocio, Simone Auer, Diana Bonfim, Margherita Bottero, František Brázdik, Ginters Buss, David Byrne, André Casalis (), Antonio M. Conti, Paola Di Casola, Michael Dobrew, Stéphane Dupraz, Alessandro Giammaria, Sandra Gomes, Robert Goodhead, Alex Grimaud, Markus Haavio, Catalina Martínez Hernández, Bjorn Imbierowicz, Pascal Jacquinot, Yannick Kalantzis, Antoine Kornprobst, Mika Kortelainen, Matija Lozej, Martin Mandler, Nigel McClung, Matteo Mogliani, Georg Müller, Florens Odendahl, Romanos Priftis, Ansgar Rannenberg, Tomas Reichenbachas, Amalia Repele, Anastasia Theofilakou, María T. Valderrama, David Vestin, Igor Vetlov, Johannes Wacks, Anastasia Zhutova, Srečko Zimic, Andrejs Zlobins, Tim Berg, Panagiotis Delis, Nuno Vilarinho Gonçalves, Matías Covarrubias Izquierdo, Claire Le Gall, Rachatar Nilavongse and Dilan Aydın Yakut

No 377, Occasional Paper Series from European Central Bank

Abstract: This paper serves as a reference guide on the effects of “standard” monetary policy shocks on output and prices, based on harmonised simulation exercises conducted across models of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), meta-analysis of existing empirical literature for the euro area, and selected works on heterogeneity and non-linearities in the monetary transmission mechanism as captured by empirical models. Our analysis starts by comparing the effects of monetary policy shocks as estimated by structural, semi-structural and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, and identifying the main sources of heterogeneity – most notably via the specification of monetary policy rules, the slope of the Phillips curve, the role of real rigidities and financial frictions, and the expectations formation mechanism. While DSGE models tend to produce sharper responses, semi-structural models often reveal more gradual and persistent effects, in line with backward-looking empirical models. The second chapter presents a meta-analysis of estimated effects based on the empirical literature, which are broadly consistent with the results obtained from the ESCB models, although differences might appear when correcting for publication bias, or accounting for different identification frameworks. The study is then complemented by selected works on heterogeneity and non-linearities in the monetary transmission mechanism as captured by empirical models. Our analysis in the final chapter shows that monetary policy transmission is heterogeneous across countries, sectors, demand components, and time. It also reveals important non-linear and state-dependent dynamics: in high-inflation periods, greater price and wage flexibility amplifies the response of inflation while dampening output effects, thereby lowering the sacrifice ratio. [...] JEL Classification: C22, C52, D58, E31, E52, E58, F45

Keywords: empirical models; heterogeneity; inflation; meta-analysis; monetary policy; output; semi-structural; structural models (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025-11
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cba, nep-dge, nep-eec and nep-mon
Note: 224580
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2025377

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