The 2025 Trade War: Dynamic Impacts Across U.S. States and the Global Economy

Andres Rodriguez-Clare, Mauricio Ulate and Jose P. Vasquez ()

No 2025-09, Working Paper Series from Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

Abstract: We use a dynamic trade and reallocation model with downward nominal wage rigidities to quantitatively assess the economic consequences of the recent increase in the U.S. tariffs on imports from Mexico, Canada, and China, as well as the “reciprocal” tariff changes announced on “Liberation Day” and retaliatory measures by other countries. Higher tariffs trigger an expansion in U.S. manufacturing employment, but this comes at the expense of declines in service and agricultural employment, with overall employment declining as lower real wages reduce labor-force participation. For the United States as a whole, real income falls around 1% by 2028, the last year we assume the high tariffs are in effect. Importantly, our analysis disaggregates the U.S. into its 50 states, while incorporating cross-state redistribution of the tariff-generated fiscal revenue, allowing us to analyze which states gain or lose more from the shock. Around half of the states lose, with some states experiencing real income declines of more than 3%. Turning to cross-country results, some close U.S. trading partners—like Canada, Mexico, China, and Ireland—suffer the largest real income losses.

Keywords: trade; Trade Dynamics; reallocation; downward nominal wage rigidity; tariffs (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: F10 F11 F13 F16 F40 F42 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 48
Date: 2025-04-22
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Working Paper: The 2025 Trade War: Dynamic Impacts Across U.S. States and the Global Economy (2025)
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DOI: 10.24148/wp2025-09

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