Populist Rule and the Formation of Zero-Sum Beliefs

Nicolas Ajzenman, Cevat Giray Aksoy () and Harry Pickard
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Nicolas Ajzenman: McGill University
Cevat Giray Aksoy: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Harry Pickard: Newcastle University

No 18929, IZA Discussion Papers from IZA Network @ LISER

Abstract: Populists govern more of the world’s countries than at any point in the past century, on both the right and the left. What they share is not an economic programme but a worldview that casts politics as a struggle between ordinary citizens and a self-serving establishment, a conflict that is zero-sum at its core. We show that exposure to this political environment leaves a durable imprint on citizens’ beliefs. Combining data on populist leaders with surveys of more than 260,000 respondents in 53 countries, we exploit within-country-survey-year variation across birth cohorts and find that greater exposure during early adulthood is associated with stronger zerosum beliefs later in life. The result is replicated in two independent surveys and across multiple measures of zero-sum thinking and perceived economic conflict and persists into respondents’ mid-forties. The mechanism evidence provides little support for an economic-scarcity explanation and instead points towards a rhetorical channel, as populist rule features substantially more anti-elite rhetoric in two independent measures and more domestic zero-sum framing in United Nations speeches.

Keywords: populism; zero-sum beliefs; political socialisation; belief formation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D72 P16 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-09
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