50 Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership

Francine D. Blau () and Lisa Lynch
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Francine D. Blau: Cornell University

No 17295, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of what has happened over the past fifty years for women as they worked to break through professional barriers in economics, policy, and institutional leadership. We chart the progress of women in higher education at the college level and beyond and then go on to examine women's representation at the upper levels of academia, government, law, medicine, and management. We begin our description of trends in 1972 when Title IX was enacted, prohibiting sex-based discrimination in federally funded educational programs. The data paint a picture of considerable progress but also persistent inequities. We then go on to consider possible explanations for the continuing gender differences and some of the empirical evidence on the factors identified.

Keywords: discrimination; education; labor force trends; economics of gender; labor economics; women leadership (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J0 J01 J10 J16 J2 J21 J24 J7 J70 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 34 pages
Date: 2024-09
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-his, nep-ipr, nep-lab, nep-ltv and nep-sog
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Published - published as 'Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership' in: ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2024, 711 (1), 225-244

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Working Paper: 50 Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership (2024)
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