Different Market, Same Treatment? A Global Comparison of Hiring and Housing Discrimination

Louise Devos, Louis Lippens (), Stijn Baert () and Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe
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Louise Devos: Ghent University
Louis Lippens: Ghent University
Stijn Baert: Ghent University
Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe: Vrije Universiteit Brussel

No 18673, IZA Discussion Papers from IZA Network @ LISER

Abstract: While extensive empirical research documents discrimination in labour and housing markets, comparative insights between these markets remain limited. We address this gap by juxtaposing levels of discrimination across five legally protected grounds - race and ethnicity, sex and gender, health and disability, sexual orientation, and social origin - in both markets. We apply hierarchical Bayesian meta-regressions to global data from correspondence audit studies conducted from 2000 to 2024. In doing so, we account for the metadata’s multilevel structure, including study, group, location and time components. Our meta-analysis uncovers structural differences in discrimination, with racial and ethnic discrimination being greatest in the labour market and discrimination based on social origin being highest in the housing market. Frequentist robustness checks that address publication bias yield comparable findings.

Keywords: discrimination; correspondence audits; meta-analysis; housing market; labour market (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C93 J14 J15 J16 J71 R31 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-05
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