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Details about Carl Singleton

Homepage:http://www.carlsingletoneconomics.com/
Workplace:Economics Division, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, (more information at EDIRC)
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), (more information at EDIRC)

Access statistics for papers by Carl Singleton.

Last updated 2025-03-25. Update your information in the RePEc Author Service.

Short-id: psi653


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Working Papers

2025

  1. Objective Calls Under the Spotlight: Referee Consistency and Behaviour on Football's Biggest Stage
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads

2024

  1. Biased Returns to Tenure: The Impact of Firm-Specific Shocks on Base and Non-base Earnings
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads
  2. Can Awareness Reduce (and Reverse) Identity-Driven Bias in Judgement? Evidence from International Cricket
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2023) Downloads
    Working Papers, The University of Sheffield, Department of Economics (2023) Downloads

    See also Journal Article Can awareness reduce (and reverse) identity-driven bias in judgement? Evidence from international cricket, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier (2024) Downloads (2024)
  3. Looks and Gaming: Who and Why?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    Also in NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2024) Downloads
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2024) Downloads
  4. Revisiting Sample Bias in the UK's Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, with Implications for Estimates of Low Pay and the Bite of the National Living Wage
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads
  5. Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    See also Journal Article Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions, Economics Letters, Elsevier (2024) Downloads (2024)
  6. The Impact of a Rising Wage Floor on Labour Mobility across Firms
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads
  7. They were robbed! Scoring by the middlemost to attenuate biased judging in boxing
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    Also in Papers, arXiv.org (2024) Downloads
  8. Unequal Hiring Wages and Their Impact on the Gender Pay Gap
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads
  9. Why Wages Don't Fall in Jobs with Incomplete Contracts
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2023) Downloads
    AMSE Working Papers, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France (2023) Downloads View citations (2)

2023

  1. A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: When does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (8)
    See also Journal Article A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: when does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?, Empirical Economics, Springer (2023) Downloads View citations (5) (2023)
  2. Accounting for firms in gender-ethnicity wage gaps throughout the earnings distribution
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (1)
  3. Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    See also Journal Article Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?, Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International (2025) Downloads (2025)
  4. Do natural resources and FDI tend to erode or support the development of national institutions?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
  5. Gambling on Momentum in Contests
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
  6. The Age-Wage-Productivity Puzzle: Evidence from the Careers of Top Earners
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    See also Journal Article The age‐wage‐productivity puzzle: Evidence from the careers of top earners, Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International (2024) Downloads (2024)
  7. The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (1)
    See also Journal Article The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football, Journal of Sports Economics (2024) Downloads View citations (2) (2024)
  8. The perils of pre-filling: lessons from the UK's Annual Survey of Hours and Earning microdata
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
  9. When are wages cut? The roles of incomplete contracts and employee involvement
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (2)
    Also in Working Papers, HAL (2023) Downloads View citations (2)

2022

  1. Accounting for Firms in Ethnicity Wage Gaps throughout the Earnings Distribution
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads View citations (4)
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2022) Downloads View citations (4)
    DoQSS Working Papers, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London (2022) Downloads View citations (4)
  2. Betting on a buzz, mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Betting on a buzz: Mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks, International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier (2023) Downloads (2023)
  3. Gambling on Momentum
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    Also in Papers, arXiv.org (2022) Downloads
  4. Online Appendix to "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data"
    Online Appendices, Review of Economic Dynamics Downloads View citations (7)
    See also Journal Article The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics (2023) Downloads View citations (4) (2023)
  5. Separating the crowds: Examining home and away attendances at football matches
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (1)
  6. The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (5)
    See also Journal Article The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics (2023) Downloads View citations (4) (2023)

2021

  1. Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (12)
    See also Journal Article Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias, Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International (2022) Downloads View citations (30) (2022)
  2. How big is home advantage at the Olympic Games?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (4)
  3. Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (7)
    See also Journal Article Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets, International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier (2022) Downloads View citations (14) (2022)
  4. On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    Also in MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2018) Downloads

    See also Journal Article On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s, Industrial Relations Journal, Wiley Blackwell (2020) Downloads View citations (3) (2020)
  5. What Can We Learn About Economics from Sport during Covid-19?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (5)
    Also in National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (2021) Downloads View citations (3)

2020

  1. Betting markets for English Premier League results and scorelines: evaluating a forecasting model
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (4)
    See also Journal Article Betting Markets for English Premier League Results and Scorelines: Evaluating a Simple Forecasting Model, Economic Issues Journal Articles, Economic Issues (2020) Downloads (2020)
  2. Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19
    National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers, National Institute of Economic and Social Research Downloads View citations (13)
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2020) Downloads View citations (19)

    See also Journal Article Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19, Economics Letters, Elsevier (2021) Downloads View citations (79) (2021)
  3. Demand for Public Events in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of European Football
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (12)
  4. Do high wage footballers play for high wage teams? The case of Major League Soccer
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (4)
  5. Echoes: what happens when football is played behind closed doors?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (37)
  6. Evaluating Strange Forecasts: The Curious Case of Football Match Scorelines
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (5)
    See also Journal Article Evaluating strange forecasts: The curious case of football match scorelines, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society (2021) Downloads View citations (6) (2021)
  7. Experimental Effects of an Absent Crowd on Performances and Refereeing Decisions during COVID-19
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) Downloads View citations (14)
    Also in DoQSS Working Papers, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London (2020) Downloads View citations (11)
  8. Extreme wages, performance and superstars in a market for footballers
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    See also Journal Article Extreme Wages, Performance, and Superstars in a Market for Footballers, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Wiley Blackwell (2021) Downloads View citations (8) (2021)
  9. It's Just Not Cricket: The Uncontested Toss and the Gentleman's Game
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (2)
  10. Nominal Wage Adjustments and the Composition of Pay: New Evidence from Payroll Data
    Economics working papers, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria Downloads View citations (1)
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2020) Downloads View citations (1)
  11. Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: Early empirical evidence from Belarus
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (9)
    See also Journal Article Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: early empirical evidence from Belarus, Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals (2021) Downloads View citations (8) (2021)

2019

  1. Cyclical labor costs within jobs
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (13)
    See also Journal Article Cyclical labor costs within jobs, European Economic Review, Elsevier (2019) Downloads View citations (6) (2019)
  2. Going with your gut: the (in)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (3)
    Also in Working Papers, The George Washington University, Department of Economics, H. O. Stekler Research Program on Forecasting (2018) Downloads

    See also Journal Article Going with your gut: The (In)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier (2020) Downloads View citations (1) (2020)
  3. Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market, Finance Research Letters, Elsevier (2020) Downloads View citations (17) (2020)
  4. Recent changes in British wage inequality: Evidence from firms and occupations
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (5)
    Also in MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2017) Downloads View citations (4)
    Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh (2017) Downloads View citations (3)
    2017 Meeting Papers, Society for Economic Dynamics (2017) Downloads View citations (3)
  5. Who works for whom and the UK gender pay gap
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (5)
    Also in MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2018) Downloads View citations (4)
    Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh (2018) Downloads View citations (8)

    See also Journal Article Who Works for Whom and the UK Gender Pay Gap, British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics (2020) Downloads View citations (27) (2020)

2017

  1. Real Wages and Hours in the Great Recession: Evidence from Firms and their Entry-Level Jobs
    CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Downloads View citations (4)

2016

  1. Long-term unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK stocks and flows
    Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh Downloads View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Long‐Term Unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK Stocks and Flows, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society (2018) Downloads View citations (1) (2018)
  2. Unemployment and econometric learning
    Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh Downloads
    Also in MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2015) Downloads

    See also Journal Article Unemployment and econometric learning, Research in Economics, Elsevier (2018) Downloads (2018)

2015

  1. Segregation and Gender Gaps through the UK's Great Recession
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads
    See also Journal Article Segregation and Gender Gaps in the United Kingdom's Great Recession and Recovery, Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals (2018) Downloads View citations (6) (2018)

2014

  1. Gender and the Business Cycle: A Stocks and Flows Analysis of US and UK Labour Market States
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Gender and the business cycle: An analysis of labour markets in the US and UK, Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier (2016) Downloads View citations (29) (2016)

2013

  1. Are Business Cycles Gender Neutral?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading Downloads View citations (5)

Journal Articles

2025

  1. Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?
    Contemporary Economic Policy, 2025, 43, (2), 260-270 Downloads
    See also Working Paper Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) Downloads (2023)

2024

  1. Can awareness reduce (and reverse) identity-driven bias in judgement? Evidence from international cricket
    Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 226, (C) Downloads
    See also Working Paper Can Awareness Reduce (and Reverse) Identity-Driven Bias in Judgement? Evidence from International Cricket, IZA Discussion Papers (2024) Downloads (2024)
  2. Do natural resources and foreign direct investment tend to erode or support the development of national institutions?
    The World Economy, 2024, 47, (3), 1117-1146 Downloads
  3. Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions
    Economics Letters, 2024, 244, (C) Downloads
    See also Working Paper Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions, Economics Discussion Papers (2024) Downloads (2024)
  4. The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football
    Journal of Sports Economics, 2024, 25, (1), 126-151 Downloads View citations (2)
    See also Working Paper The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) Downloads View citations (1) (2023)
  5. The age‐wage‐productivity puzzle: Evidence from the careers of top earners
    Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62, (2), 584-606 Downloads
    See also Working Paper The Age-Wage-Productivity Puzzle: Evidence from the Careers of Top Earners, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) Downloads (2023)

2023

  1. A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: when does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?
    Empirical Economics, 2023, 65, (3), 1487-1507 Downloads View citations (5)
    See also Working Paper A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: When does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) Downloads View citations (8) (2023)
  2. Betting on a buzz: Mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks
    International Journal of Forecasting, 2023, 39, (3), 1413-1423 Downloads
    See also Working Paper Betting on a buzz, mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks, Economics Discussion Papers (2022) Downloads View citations (2) (2022)
  3. The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data
    Review of Economic Dynamics, 2023, 51, 60-76 Downloads View citations (4)
    See also Software Item Code and data files for "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data", Computer Codes (2022) Downloads (2022)
    Working Paper The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Economics Discussion Papers (2022) Downloads View citations (5) (2022)
    Working Paper Online Appendix to "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data", Online Appendices (2022) Downloads View citations (7) (2022)

2022

  1. Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias
    Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60, (3), 1416-1436 Downloads View citations (30)
    See also Working Paper Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias, Economics Discussion Papers (2021) Downloads View citations (12) (2021)
  2. Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets
    International Journal of Forecasting, 2022, 38, (1), 282-299 Downloads View citations (14)
    See also Working Paper Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets, Economics Discussion Papers (2021) Downloads View citations (7) (2021)

2021

  1. Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19
    Economics Letters, 2021, 198, (C) Downloads View citations (79)
    See also Working Paper Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers (2020) Downloads View citations (13) (2020)
  2. Evaluating strange forecasts: The curious case of football match scorelines
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2021, 68, (2), 261-285 Downloads View citations (6)
    See also Working Paper Evaluating Strange Forecasts: The Curious Case of Football Match Scorelines, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) Downloads View citations (5) (2020)
  3. Extreme Wages, Performance, and Superstars in a Market for Footballers
    Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 2021, 60, (1), 84-118 Downloads View citations (8)
    See also Working Paper Extreme wages, performance and superstars in a market for footballers, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) Downloads (2020)
  4. Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: early empirical evidence from Belarus
    Applied Economics Letters, 2021, 28, (18), 1542-1547 Downloads View citations (8)
    See also Working Paper Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: Early empirical evidence from Belarus, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) Downloads View citations (9) (2020)

2020

  1. Betting Markets for English Premier League Results and Scorelines: Evaluating a Simple Forecasting Model
    Economic Issues Journal Articles, 2020, 25, (1), 87-106 Downloads
    See also Working Paper Betting markets for English Premier League results and scorelines: evaluating a forecasting model, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) Downloads View citations (4) (2020)
  2. Going with your gut: The (In)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game
    Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 2020, 89, (C) Downloads View citations (1)
    See also Working Paper Going with your gut: the (in)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) Downloads View citations (3) (2019)
  3. Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market
    Finance Research Letters, 2020, 35, (C) Downloads View citations (17)
    See also Working Paper Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) Downloads View citations (2) (2019)
  4. On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s
    Industrial Relations Journal, 2020, 51, (6), 476-501 Downloads View citations (3)
    See also Working Paper On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s, Economics Discussion Papers (2021) Downloads (2021)
  5. Recent Changes in British Wage Inequality: Evidence from Large Firms and Occupations
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 67, (1), 100-125 Downloads View citations (17)
  6. Who Works for Whom and the UK Gender Pay Gap
    British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 58, (1), 50-81 Downloads View citations (27)
    See also Working Paper Who works for whom and the UK gender pay gap, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) Downloads View citations (5) (2019)

2019

  1. Cyclical labor costs within jobs
    European Economic Review, 2019, 120, (C) Downloads View citations (6)
    See also Working Paper Cyclical labor costs within jobs, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) Downloads View citations (13) (2019)
  2. The public–private sector wage differential in the UK: Evidence from longitudinal employer–employee data
    Economics Letters, 2019, 174, (C), 109-113 Downloads View citations (6)

2018

  1. Long‐Term Unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK Stocks and Flows
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2018, 65, (2), 105-126 Downloads View citations (1)
    See also Working Paper Long-term unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK stocks and flows, Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series (2016) Downloads View citations (2) (2016)
  2. Segregation and Gender Gaps in the United Kingdom's Great Recession and Recovery
    Feminist Economics, 2018, 24, (4), 31-55 Downloads View citations (6)
    See also Working Paper Segregation and Gender Gaps through the UK's Great Recession, Economics Discussion Papers (2015) Downloads (2015)
  3. Unemployment and econometric learning
    Research in Economics, 2018, 72, (2), 277-296 Downloads
    See also Working Paper Unemployment and econometric learning, Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series (2016) Downloads (2016)

2016

  1. Gender and the business cycle: An analysis of labour markets in the US and UK
    Journal of Macroeconomics, 2016, 47, (PB), 131-146 Downloads View citations (29)
    See also Working Paper Gender and the Business Cycle: A Stocks and Flows Analysis of US and UK Labour Market States, Economics Discussion Papers (2014) Downloads View citations (2) (2014)

Chapters

2022

  1. Economics lessons from sports during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Chapter 2 in Research Handbook on Sport and COVID-19, 2022, pp 9-18 Downloads View citations (2)

Software Items

2022

  1. Code and data files for "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data"
    Computer Codes, Review of Economic Dynamics Downloads
    See also Journal Article The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics (2023) Downloads View citations (4) (2023)
 
Page updated 2025-03-31