Details about Carl Singleton

Access statistics for papers by Carl Singleton.

Last updated 2025-03-25. Update your information in the RePEc Author Service.

Short-id: psi653

Working Papers

2025

1. Objective Calls Under the Spotlight: Referee Consistency and Behaviour on Football's Biggest Stage
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

2024

2. Biased Returns to Tenure: The Impact of Firm-Specific Shocks on Base and Non-base Earnings
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
3. Can Awareness Reduce (and Reverse) Identity-Driven Bias in Judgement? Evidence from International Cricket
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) View citations (1)
   Also in Working Papers, The University of Sheffield, Department of Economics (2023)
   Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2023)
   See also Journal Article Can awareness reduce (and reverse) identity-driven bias in judgement? Evidence from international cricket, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier (2024) View citations (1) (2024)
4. Looks and Gaming: Who and Why?
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
   Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2024)
   NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2024)
5. Revisiting Sample Bias in the UK's Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, with Implications for Estimates of Low Pay and the Bite of the National Living Wage
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
6. Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions
   Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
   See also Journal Article Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions, Economics Letters, Elsevier (2024) (2024)
7. The Impact of a Rising Wage Floor on Labour Mobility across Firms
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
8. They were robbed! Scoring by the middlemost to attenuate biased judging in boxing
   Papers, arXiv.org
   Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2024)
9. Unequal Hiring Wages and Their Impact on the Gender Pay Gap
   IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
10. Why Wages Don't Fall in Jobs with Incomplete Contracts
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2023)
    AMSE Working Papers, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France (2023) View citations (3)

2023

11. A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: When does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (8)
    See also Journal Article A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: when does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?, Empirical Economics, Springer (2023) View citations (5) (2023)
12. Accounting for firms in gender-ethnicity wage gaps throughout the earnings distribution
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (1)
13. Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
    See also Journal Article Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?, Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International (2025) (2025)
14. Do natural resources and FDI tend to erode or support the development of national institutions?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
15. Gambling on Momentum in Contests
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
16. The Age-Wage-Productivity Puzzle: Evidence from the Careers of Top Earners
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
    See also Journal Article The age‐wage‐productivity puzzle: Evidence from the careers of top earners, Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International (2024) (2024)
17. The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (1)
    See also Journal Article The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football, Journal of Sports Economics (2024) View citations (2) (2024)
18. The perils of pre-filling: lessons from the UK's Annual Survey of Hours and Earning microdata
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
19. When are wages cut? The roles of incomplete contracts and employee involvement
    Working Papers, HAL View citations (3)
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2023) View citations (3)

2022

20. Accounting for Firms in Ethnicity Wage Gaps throughout the Earnings Distribution
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) View citations (4)
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2022) View citations (4)
    DoQSS Working Papers, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London (2022) View citations (4)
21. Betting on a buzz, mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Betting on a buzz: Mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks, International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier (2023) (2023)
22. Gambling on Momentum
    Papers, arXiv.org
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2022)
23. Online Appendix to "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data"
    Online Appendices, Review of Economic Dynamics View citations (7)
    See also Journal Article The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics (2023) View citations (4) (2023)
24. Separating the crowds: Examining home and away attendances at football matches
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (1)
25. The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (5)
    See also Journal Article The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics (2023) View citations (4) (2023)

2021

26. Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (12)
    See also Journal Article Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias, Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International (2022) View citations (31) (2022)
27. How big is home advantage at the Olympic Games?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (4)
28. Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (7)
    See also Journal Article Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets, International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier (2022) View citations (14) (2022)
29. On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
    Also in MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2018)
    See also Journal Article On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s, Industrial Relations Journal, Wiley Blackwell (2020) View citations (3) (2020)
30. What Can We Learn About Economics from Sport during Covid-19?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (5)
    Also in National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (2021) View citations (3)

2020

31. Betting markets for English Premier League results and scorelines: evaluating a forecasting model
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (4)
    See also Journal Article Betting Markets for English Premier League Results and Scorelines: Evaluating a Simple Forecasting Model, Economic Issues Journal Articles, Economic Issues (2020) (2020)
32. Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19
    National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers, National Institute of Economic and Social Research View citations (13)
    Also in Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading (2020) View citations (19)
    See also Journal Article Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19, Economics Letters, Elsevier (2021) View citations (80) (2021)
33. Demand for Public Events in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of European Football
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (12)
34. Do high wage footballers play for high wage teams? The case of Major League Soccer
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (4)
35. Echoes: what happens when football is played behind closed doors?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (37)
36. Evaluating Strange Forecasts: The Curious Case of Football Match Scorelines
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (5)
    See also Journal Article Evaluating strange forecasts: The curious case of football match scorelines, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society (2021) View citations (6) (2021)
37. Experimental Effects of an Absent Crowd on Performances and Refereeing Decisions during COVID-19
    IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) View citations (14)
    Also in DoQSS Working Papers, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London (2020) View citations (11)
38. Extreme wages, performance and superstars in a market for footballers
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
    See also Journal Article Extreme Wages, Performance, and Superstars in a Market for Footballers, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Wiley Blackwell (2021) View citations (8) (2021)
39. It's Just Not Cricket: The Uncontested Toss and the Gentleman's Game
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (2)
40. Nominal Wage Adjustments and the Composition of Pay: New Evidence from Payroll Data
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (1)
    Also in Economics working papers, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria (2020) View citations (1)
41. Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: Early empirical evidence from Belarus
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (9)
    See also Journal Article Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: early empirical evidence from Belarus, Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals (2021) View citations (8) (2021)

2019

42. Cyclical labor costs within jobs
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (13)
    See also Journal Article Cyclical labor costs within jobs, European Economic Review, Elsevier (2019) View citations (6) (2019)
43. Going with your gut: the (in)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (3)
    Also in Working Papers, The George Washington University, Department of Economics, H. O. Stekler Research Program on Forecasting (2018)
    See also Journal Article Going with your gut: The (In)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier (2020) View citations (1) (2020)
44. Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market, Finance Research Letters, Elsevier (2020) View citations (17) (2020)
45. Recent changes in British wage inequality: Evidence from firms and occupations
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (5)
    Also in MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2017) View citations (4)
    2017 Meeting Papers, Society for Economic Dynamics (2017) View citations (3)
    Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh (2017) View citations (3)
46. Who works for whom and the UK gender pay gap
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (5)
    Also in Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh (2018) View citations (8)
    MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2018) View citations (4)
    See also Journal Article Who Works for Whom and the UK Gender Pay Gap, British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics (2020) View citations (27) (2020)

2017

47. Real Wages and Hours in the Great Recession: Evidence from Firms and their Entry-Level Jobs
    CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo View citations (4)

2016

48. Long-term unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK stocks and flows
    Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Long‐Term Unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK Stocks and Flows, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society (2018) View citations (1) (2018)
49. Unemployment and econometric learning
    Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh
    Also in MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany (2015)
    See also Journal Article Unemployment and econometric learning, Research in Economics, Elsevier (2018) (2018)

2015

50. Segregation and Gender Gaps through the UK's Great Recession
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading
    See also Journal Article Segregation and Gender Gaps in the United Kingdom's Great Recession and Recovery, Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals (2018) View citations (6) (2018)

2014

51. Gender and the Business Cycle: A Stocks and Flows Analysis of US and UK Labour Market States
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Gender and the business cycle: An analysis of labour markets in the US and UK, Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier (2016) View citations (30) (2016)

2013

52. Are Business Cycles Gender Neutral?
    Economics Discussion Papers, Department of Economics, University of Reading View citations (5)

Journal Articles

2025

1. Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?
   Contemporary Economic Policy, 2025, 43, (2), 260-270
   See also Working Paper Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) (2023)

2024

2. Can awareness reduce (and reverse) identity-driven bias in judgement? Evidence from international cricket
   Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 226, (C) View citations (1)
   See also Working Paper Can Awareness Reduce (and Reverse) Identity-Driven Bias in Judgement? Evidence from International Cricket, IZA Discussion Papers (2024) View citations (1) (2024)
3. Do natural resources and foreign direct investment tend to erode or support the development of national institutions?
   The World Economy, 2024, 47, (3), 1117-1146
4. Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions
   Economics Letters, 2024, 244, (C)
   See also Working Paper Scoring goals: The impact of English Premier League football teams on local university admissions, Economics Discussion Papers (2024) (2024)
5. The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football
   Journal of Sports Economics, 2024, 25, (1), 126-151 View citations (2)
   See also Working Paper The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) View citations (1) (2023)
6. The age‐wage‐productivity puzzle: Evidence from the careers of top earners
   Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62, (2), 584-606
   See also Working Paper The Age-Wage-Productivity Puzzle: Evidence from the Careers of Top Earners, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) (2023)

2023

7. A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: when does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?
   Empirical Economics, 2023, 65, (3), 1487-1507 View citations (5)
   See also Working Paper A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: When does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?, Economics Discussion Papers (2023) View citations (8) (2023)
8. Betting on a buzz: Mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks
   International Journal of Forecasting, 2023, 39, (3), 1413-1423
   See also Working Paper Betting on a buzz, mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks, Economics Discussion Papers (2022) View citations (2) (2022)
9. The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data
   Review of Economic Dynamics, 2023, 51, 60-76 View citations (4)
   See also Working Paper Online Appendix to "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data", Online Appendices (2022) View citations (7) (2022)
   Working Paper The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Economics Discussion Papers (2022) View citations (5) (2022)
   Software Item Code and data files for "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data", Computer Codes (2022) (2022)

2022

10. Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias
    Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60, (3), 1416-1436 View citations (31)
    See also Working Paper Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias, Economics Discussion Papers (2021) View citations (12) (2021)
11. Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets
    International Journal of Forecasting, 2022, 38, (1), 282-299 View citations (14)
    See also Working Paper Informational efficiency and behaviour within in-play prediction markets, Economics Discussion Papers (2021) View citations (7) (2021)

2021

12. Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19
    Economics Letters, 2021, 198, (C) View citations (80)
    See also Working Paper Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers (2020) View citations (13) (2020)
13. Evaluating strange forecasts: The curious case of football match scorelines
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2021, 68, (2), 261-285 View citations (6)
    See also Working Paper Evaluating Strange Forecasts: The Curious Case of Football Match Scorelines, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) View citations (5) (2020)
14. Extreme Wages, Performance, and Superstars in a Market for Footballers
    Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 2021, 60, (1), 84-118 View citations (8)
    See also Working Paper Extreme wages, performance and superstars in a market for footballers, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) (2020)
15. Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: early empirical evidence from Belarus
    Applied Economics Letters, 2021, 28, (18), 1542-1547 View citations (8)
    See also Working Paper Stadium attendance demand during the COVID-19 crisis: Early empirical evidence from Belarus, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) View citations (9) (2020)

2020

16. Betting Markets for English Premier League Results and Scorelines: Evaluating a Simple Forecasting Model
    Economic Issues Journal Articles, 2020, 25, (1), 87-106
    See also Working Paper Betting markets for English Premier League results and scorelines: evaluating a forecasting model, Economics Discussion Papers (2020) View citations (4) (2020)
17. Going with your gut: The (In)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game
    Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 2020, 89, (C) View citations (1)
    See also Working Paper Going with your gut: the (in)accuracy of forecast revisions in a football score prediction game, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) View citations (3) (2019)
18. Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market
    Finance Research Letters, 2020, 35, (C) View citations (17)
    See also Working Paper Information, prices and efficiency in an online betting market, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) View citations (2) (2019)
19. On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s
    Industrial Relations Journal, 2020, 51, (6), 476-501 View citations (3)
    See also Working Paper On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s, Economics Discussion Papers (2021) (2021)
20. Recent Changes in British Wage Inequality: Evidence from Large Firms and Occupations
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 67, (1), 100-125 View citations (17)
21. Who Works for Whom and the UK Gender Pay Gap
    British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2020, 58, (1), 50-81 View citations (27)
    See also Working Paper Who works for whom and the UK gender pay gap, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) View citations (5) (2019)

2019

22. Cyclical labor costs within jobs
    European Economic Review, 2019, 120, (C) View citations (6)
    See also Working Paper Cyclical labor costs within jobs, Economics Discussion Papers (2019) View citations (13) (2019)
23. The public–private sector wage differential in the UK: Evidence from longitudinal employer–employee data
    Economics Letters, 2019, 174, (C), 109-113 View citations (6)

2018

24. Long‐Term Unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK Stocks and Flows
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2018, 65, (2), 105-126 View citations (1)
    See also Working Paper Long-term unemployment and the Great Recession: Evidence from UK stocks and flows, Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series (2016) View citations (2) (2016)
25. Segregation and Gender Gaps in the United Kingdom's Great Recession and Recovery
    Feminist Economics, 2018, 24, (4), 31-55 View citations (6)
    See also Working Paper Segregation and Gender Gaps through the UK's Great Recession, Economics Discussion Papers (2015) (2015)
26. Unemployment and econometric learning
    Research in Economics, 2018, 72, (2), 277-296
    See also Working Paper Unemployment and econometric learning, Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series (2016) (2016)

2016

27. Gender and the business cycle: An analysis of labour markets in the US and UK
    Journal of Macroeconomics, 2016, 47, (PB), 131-146 View citations (30)
    See also Working Paper Gender and the Business Cycle: A Stocks and Flows Analysis of US and UK Labour Market States, Economics Discussion Papers (2014) View citations (2) (2014)

Chapters

2022

1. Economics lessons from sports during the COVID-19 pandemic
   Chapter 2 in Research Handbook on Sport and COVID-19, 2022, pp 9-18 View citations (2)

Software Items

2022

1. Code and data files for "The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data"
   Computer Codes, Review of Economic Dynamics
   See also Journal Article The Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity: New Evidence from Payroll Data, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics (2023) View citations (4) (2023)