AEA Papers and Proceedings

2018 - 2024

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Volume 111, month May, 2021

Foreword pp. xi-xii

David Card

Editors' Introduction pp. xiii-

William Johnson and Ginny Herbert

Public Economics and Inequality: Uncovering Our Social Nature pp. 1-26

Emmanuel Saez

Confederate Streets and Black-White Labor Market Differentials pp. 27-31

Jhacova Williams

Homefront: Black Veterans and Black Voters in the Civil Rights Era pp. 32-36

Thomas Koch, Trevon Logan and John Parman

On the Inequity of Predicting A While Hoping for B pp. 37-42

Sendhil Mullainathan and Ziad Obermeyer

Adaptive Correspondence Experiments pp. 43-48

Hadar Avivi, Patrick Kline, Evan Rose and Christopher Walters

Measuring Racial Discrimination in Algorithms pp. 49-54

David Arnold, Will Dobbie and Peter Hull

Diversity in Economics Seminars: Who Gives Invited Talks? pp. 55-59

Jennifer Doleac, Erin Hengel and Elizabeth Pancotti

Gendered Citations at Top Economic Journals pp. 60-64

Marlène Koffi

Confidence Men? Evidence on Confidence and Gender among Top Economists pp. 65-68

Heather Sarsons and Guo Xu

Using Longitudinal Data to Explore the Gender Gap for Academic Economists pp. 69-73

Kelly Bedard, Maxine Lee and Heather Royer

Gender Differences in Fields of Specialization and Placement Outcomes among PhDs in Economics pp. 74-79

Nicole Fortin, Thomas Lemieux and M. Rehavi

Does Mentoring Increase the Collaboration Networks of Female Economists? An Evaluation of the CeMENT Randomized Trial pp. 80-85

Donna Ginther and Rina Na

Field Specializations among Beginning Economists: Are There Gender Differences? pp. 86-91

Eva Sierminska and Ronald Oaxaca

Microcommitments: The Effect of Small Commitments on Student Success pp. 92-96

Amanda J. Felkey, Eva Dziadula, Eric P. Chiang and Jose Vazquez

Identifying Students at Risk Using a New Math Skills Assessment pp. 97-101

George Orlov, Douglas McKee, Irene Foster, Daria Bottan and Stephanie R. Thomas

Grade Sensitivity and the Economics Major at a Women's College pp. 102-06

Patrick McEwan, Sheridan Rogers and Akila Weerapana

Minimum Grade Requirements for Economics Majors: Effects on Enrollments and Student Learning pp. 107-11

Stephen Schmidt

Does Advisor Gender Affect Women's Persistence in Economics? pp. 112-16

Serena Canaan and Pierre Mouganie

Who Belongs? The Determinants of Selective Membership into the National Bureau of Economic Research pp. 117-22

Marieke Kleemans and Rebecca Thornton

Promoting Female Interest in Economics: Limits to Nudges pp. 123-27

Todd Pugatch and Elizabeth Schroeder

Can Positive Feedback Encourage Female and Minority Undergraduates into Economics? pp. 128-32

Kelly Bedard, Jacqueline Dodd and Shelly Lundberg

Info.Econ: Increasing Diversity among Economics Majors pp. 133-37

Andrea Chambers, Stacy Dickert-Conlin, Carey Elder, Steven Haider and Scott Imberman

Women in Academic Economics: Have We Made Progress? pp. 138-42

Donna Ginther and Shulamit Kahn

Changes in the US Gender Gap in Wages in the 1960s pp. 143-48

Martha Bailey, Thomas Helgerman and Bryan Stuart

Work-Care Balance over the Day and the Gender Wage Gap pp. 149-53

German Cubas, Chinhui Juhn and Pedro Silos

Do Male and Female Students Use Networks Differently? pp. 154-58

Yana Gallen and Melanie Wasserman

Disparities in Health Care and Medical Evaluations by Gender: A Review of Evidence and Mechanisms pp. 159-63

Marika Cabral and Marcus Dillender

COVID-19 Disruptions Disproportionately Affect Female Academics pp. 164-68

Tatyana Deryugina, Olga Shurchkov and Jenna Stearns

Up the Political Ladder: Gender Parity in the Effects of Electoral Defeats pp. 169-73

Melanie Wasserman

Information, Confidence, and the Gender Gap in Bargaining pp. 174-78

Barbara Biasi and Heather Sarsons

The Family Origin of the Math Gender Gap Is a White Affluent Phenomenon pp. 179-83

Gaia Dossi, David Figlio, Paola Giuliano and Paola Sapienza

Can Women Teach Math (and Be Promoted)? A Meta-analysis of Gender Differences across Student Evaluations of Teaching pp. 184-89

Amanda J. Felkey and Cassondra Batz-Barbarich

Gender Bias in Assessments of Teacher Performance pp. 190-95

Sabrin Beg, Anne Fitzpatrick and Adrienne Lucas

Civil Rights Enforcement and the Racial Wage Gap pp. 196-200

Jamein P. Cunningham and Jose Joaquin Lopez

A Model of Occupational Licensing and Statistical Discrimination pp. 201-05

Peter Q. Blair and Bobby (Wing Yin) Chung

Intergenerational Economic Mobility and the Racial Wealth Gap pp. 206-10

Jermaine Toney and Cassandra L. Robertson

The Association between Wealth Inequality and Socioeconomic Outcomes pp. 211-15

Omer Ali, William Darity, Avra Janz and Marta Sánchez

The Distributional Impacts of Active Labor Market Programs for Indigenous Populations pp. 216-20

Donna Feir, Kelly Foley and Maggie Jones

Gaming Opportunities: American Indian Casinos, Cash Transfers, and Income Mobility on the Reservation pp. 221-26

Emilia Simeonova, Randall Akee and Maggie R. Jones

Ownership and Trust in Banks: Evidence from the First Bank in an American Indian Nation pp. 227-32

Donna Feir, Rachel L. Wellhausen and Calvin Thrall

Indigenous Self-Governance and Development on American Indian Reservations pp. 233-37

Dustin Frye and Dominic Parker

Custom Elections and Local Policies: The Case of Canada's First Nations pp. 238-42

Fernando M. Aragón and Anke Kessler

Appropriate Institutions? Traditional Governance and Public Goods Provision in Oaxaca, Mexico pp. 243-47

Gustavo Bobonis, Juan Chaparro, Marco Gonzalez-Navarro and Marta Rubio-Codina

Secured Transactions Laws and Economic Development on American Indian Reservations pp. 248-52

Christian Dippel, Donna Feir, Bryan Leonard and Marc Roark

Business Formation: A Tale of Two Recessions pp. 253-57

Emin Dinlersoz, Timothy Dunne, John Haltiwanger and Veronika Penciakova

Nominal Wage Adjustments during the Pandemic Recession pp. 258-62

John Grigsby, Erik Hurst, Ahu Yildirmaz and Yulia Zhestkova

COVID-19 Shifted Patent Applications toward Technologies That Support Working from Home pp. 263-66

Nicholas Bloom, Steven Davis and Yulia Zhestkova

Across the Universe: Policy Support for Employment and Revenue in the Pandemic Recession pp. 267-71

Ryan A. Decker, Robert Kurtzman, Byron F. Lutz and Christopher Nekarda

Keynesian Production Networks and the COVID-19 Crisis: A Simple Benchmark pp. 272-76

David Baqaee and Emmanuel Farhi

Sectoral Effects of Social Distancing pp. 277-81

Jean-Noël Barrot, Basile Grassi and Julien Sauvagnat

COVID-19 and Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A 2021 "Time Bomb"? pp. 282-86

Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Şebnem Kalemli-Özcan, Veronika Penciakova and Nick Sander

COVID-19 Is a Persistent Reallocation Shock pp. 287-91

Jose Maria Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven Davis and Brent Meyer

Financial Fragility during the COVID-19 Pandemic pp. 292-96

Robert L. Clark, Annamaria Lusardi and Olivia Mitchell

Longevity Perceptions and Saving Decisions during the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Experimental Investigation pp. 297-301

Abigail Hurwitz, Olivia Mitchell and Orly Sade

The Impact of an Epidemic: Experimental Evidence on Preference Stability from Wuhan pp. 302-06

Jason Shachat, Matthew Walker and Lijia Wei

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumption: Learning from High-Frequency Transaction Data pp. 307-11

Haiqiang Chen, Wenlan Qian and Qiang Wen

Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 on Businesses and People: Lessons from the Census Bureau's Experience pp. 312-16

Catherine Buffington, Jason Fields and Lucia Foster

Maintaining and Enhancing Labor Statistics during the COVID-19 Pandemic pp. 317-20

William W. Beach

Measuring Consumer Spending Using Card Transaction Data: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic pp. 321-25

Abe Dunn, Kyle Hood, Andrea Batch and Alex Driessen

High-Frequency Data and a Weekly Economic Index during the Pandemic pp. 326-30

Daniel Lewis, Karel Mertens, James H. Stock and Mihir Trivedi

Preparing for a Pandemic: Accelerating Vaccine Availability pp. 331-35

Amrita Ahuja, Susan Athey, Arthur Baker, Eric Budish, Juan Castillo, Rachel Glennerster, Scott Kominers, Michael Kremer, Jean Lee, Canice Prendergast, Christopher Snyder, Alexander Tabarrok, Brandon Tan and Witold Więcek

Private and Social Returns to R&D: Drug Development and Demographics pp. 336-40

Efraim Benmelech, Janice Eberly, Dimitris Papanikolaou and Joshua Krieger

Private and Public Investments in Biomedical Research pp. 341-45

Maya Durvasula, Lisa Ouellette and Heidi Williams

The Economics of Crisis Innovation Policy: A Historical Perspective pp. 346-50

Daniel Gross and Bhaven N. Sampat

Adapting to the COVID-19 Pandemic pp. 351-55

Michael Droste and James H. Stock

Behavior and the Transmission of COVID-19 pp. 356-60

Andrew G. Atkeson, Karen Kopecky and Tao Zha

Implied Dividend Volatility and Expected Growth pp. 361-65

Niels Gormsen, Ralph S. J. Koijen and Ian Martin

COVID-19 and the Costs of Deadly Disasters pp. 366-70

Sydney C. Ludvigson, Sai Ma and Serena Ng

"Placebo Tests" for the Impacts of Air Pollution on Health: The Challenge of Limited Health Care Infrastructure pp. 371-75

Bruna Guidetti, Paula Pereda and Edson Severnini

Ambiguous Air Pollution Effects of China's COVID-19 Lock-Down pp. 376-80

Douglas Almond, Xinming Du, Valerie J. Karplus and Shuang Zhang

Environmental Protection or Environmental Protectionism? Evidence from Tail Pipe Emission Standards in China pp. 381-85

Jie Bai, Shanjun Li, Danxia Xie and Hui Zhou

The Health Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants in India and the Co-benefits of Greenhouse Gas Reductions pp. 386-90

Maureen Cropper, Ryna Cui, Sarath Guttikunda, Nate Hultman, Puja Jawahar, Yongjoon Park, Xinlu Yao and Xiaopeng Song

Carbon-Trading Pilot Programs in China and Local Air Quality pp. 391-95

Douglas Almond and Shuang Zhang

Industrial Energy Regulation: The Role of Business Conglomerates in China pp. 396-400

Qiaoyi Chen, Zhao Chen, Zhikuo Liu, Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato and Daniel Yi Xu

Border Carbon Adjustments When Carbon Intensity Varies across Producers: Evidence from California pp. 401-05

Meredith Fowlie, Claire Petersen and Mar Reguant

Changing Population Exposure to Pollution in China's Special Economic Zones pp. 406-09

Leslie A. Martin and Katie Zhang

Where Is Pollution Moving? Environmental Markets and Environmental Justice pp. 410-14

Joseph Shapiro and Reed Walker

Cycles of Fire? Politics and Forest Burning in Indonesia pp. 415-19

Clare Balboni, Robin Burgess, Anton Heil, Jonathan Old and Benjamin A. Olken

Indoor Air Quality, Information, and Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from Delhi pp. 420-24

Michael Greenstone, Kenneth Lee and Harshil Sahai

Estimating the Elasticity to Real-Time Pricing: Evidence from the Spanish Electricity Market pp. 425-29

Natalia Fabra, David Rapson, Mar Reguant and Jingyuan Wang

Low Energy: Estimating Electric Vehicle Electricity Use pp. 430-35

Fiona Burlig, James Bushnell, David Rapson and Catherine Wolfram

Making Clean Firms Cleaner: Targeting Environmental Regulation to Maximize Returns pp. 436-39

Paige Weber

Machine Learning about Treatment Effect Heterogeneity: The Case of Household Energy Use pp. 440-44

Christopher R. Knittel and Samuel Stolper

Union Reform, Performance Pay, and New Teacher Supply: Evidence from Wisconsin's Act 10 pp. 445-49

E. Jason Baron

School Capital Expenditure Rules and Distribution pp. 450-54

Barbara Biasi, Julien Lafortune and David Schönholzer

Test-Based Accountability and the Effectiveness of School Finance Reforms pp. 455-59

Christian Buerger, Seung Hyeong Lee and John Singleton

The Common Application and Student Choice pp. 460-64

Brian Knight and Nathan Schiff

Who Gets Their First Job at a Large Firm? The Distinct Roles of Education and Skills pp. 465-69

Jaime Arellano-Bover

Pure-Chance Jobs versus a Labor Market: The Impact on Careers of a Random Serial Dictatorship for First Job Seekers pp. 470-75

Ashna Arora, Leonard Goff and Jonas Hjort

Initial Industry and Long-Term Earnings Growth pp. 476-80

Stephen L. Ross and Patralekha Ukil

Long-Term Employment Effects from Job Losses during the COVID-19 Crisis? A Comparison to the Great Recession and Its Slow Recovery pp. 481-85

Till von Wachter

Disability Insurance in the Great Recession: Ease of Access, Program Enrollment, and Local Hysteresis pp. 486-90

Melissa S. Kearney, Brendan M. Price and Riley Wilson

Wage Insurance and Labor Market Trajectories pp. 491-95

Benjamin Hyman, Brian Kovak, Adam Leive and Theodore Naff

Working for Your Bread: The Labor Supply Effects of SNAP pp. 496-500

Marianne Bitler, Jason Cook and Jonathan Rothbaum

Jackson, the Bank War, and the Legacy of the Second Bank of the United States pp. 501-07

Peter Rousseau

Off the Rails: The Real Effects of Railroad Bond Defaults following the Panic of 1873 pp. 508-13

Christopher Cotter

How Contagious Was the Panic of 1907? New Evidence from Trust Company Stocks pp. 514-19

Caroline Fohlin and Zhikun Lu

Trends in US Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty pp. 520-25

Cecile Gaubert, Patrick Kline, Damián Vergara and Danny Yagan

Local Industrial Policy and Sectoral Hubs pp. 526-31

Esteban Rossi-Hansberg, Pierre Daniel Sarte and Felipe Schwartzman

Could Gentrification Stop the Poor from Benefiting from Urban Improvements? pp. 532-37

Clare Balboni, Gharad Bryan, Melanie Morten and Bilal Siddiqi

Arrow Meets Hotelling: Modeling Spatial Innovation pp. 538-43

Steven Callander, Nicolas Lambert and Niko Matouschek

Learning and Corruption on Monitoring Chains pp. 544-48

Bruno Strulovici

Constrained Retrospective Search pp. 549-53

Can Urgun and Leeat Yariv

Product Proliferation under Rational Inattention: Application to Health Insurance pp. 554-59

Zach Brown and Jihye Jeon

Can Automatic Retention Improve Health Insurance Market Outcomes? pp. 560-66

Adrianna McIntyre, Mark Shepard and Myles Wagner

Friend-Based Ranking in Practice pp. 567-71

Francis Bloch and Matthew Olckers

Urban Networks and Targeting: Evidence from Liberia pp. 572-76

Lori Beaman, Niall Keleher, Jeremy Magruder and Carly Trachtman

The Effects of Prize Structures on Innovative Performance pp. 577-81

Joshua Graff Zivin and Elizabeth Lyons

Common Ownership and Entrepreneurship pp. 582-86

Ofer Eldar and Jillian Grennan

The Life Cycle of Businesses and Their Internal Organization pp. 587-92

Elizabeth Handwerker, Sara Moreira and David Piccone

Immigration Enforcement and the Hiring of Low-Skilled Labor pp. 593-97

Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Esther Arenas-Arroyo and Bernhard Schmidpeter

Hurricane Maria and La Crisis Boricua on Health-Care Supply in Puerto Rico pp. 598-601

Jose Fernandez

Pandemic Protocols, Native Nutrition: Grocery Store Access from American Indian Reservations during COVID-19 pp. 602-06

Luis Quintero, Emilia Simeonova and Randall Akee

Investor Herding and Spillovers in African Debt Markets pp. 607-10

Hanan Morsy, Eman Moustafa, Tiguene Nabassaga and Mustafa Yenice

Inference for Support Vector Regression under ℓ1 Regularization pp. 611-15

Yuehao Bai, Hung Ho, Guillaume A. Pouliot and Joshua Shea

The Proximal Bootstrap for Finite-Dimensional Regularized Estimators pp. 616-20

Jessie Li

Adversarial Inference Is Efficient pp. 621-25

Tetsuya Kaji, Elena Manresa and Guillaume A. Pouliot

Estimation and Inference by Stochastic Optimization: Three Examples pp. 626-30

Jean-Jacques Forneron and Serena Ng

Minutes of the Annual Business Meeting via Zoom, January 3, 2021 pp. 633-36

Peter Rousseau

Report of the Secretary pp. 637-41

Peter Rousseau

Report of the Treasurer pp. 642-46

Peter Rousseau

American Economic Association 2020–2021 Universal Academic Questionnaire Summary Statistics pp. 647-49

Charles E. Scott and John Siegfried

List of Online Reports pp. 650-

Peter Rousseau

Report of the Editor: American Economic Review pp. 669-85

Esther Duflo

Report of the Editor: American Economic Review: Insights pp. 686-93

Amy Finkelstein

Report of the Editor: Journal of Economic Literature pp. 694-97

Steven Durlauf

Report of the Editor: Journal of Economic Perspectives pp. 698-700

Enrico Moretti

Report of the Editor: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics pp. 701-07

Benjamin Olken

Report of the Editor: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy pp. 708-17

Erzo Luttmer

Report of the Editor: American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics pp. 718-24

Simon Gilchrist

Report of the Editor: American Economic Journal: Microeconomics pp. 725-31

Leeat Yariv

Report: Job Openings for Economists pp. 732-34

John Siegfried

Report: Committee on Economic Education pp. 735-41

Sam Allgood and KimMarie McGoldrick

Report: Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP) pp. 742-63

Judy Chevalier

Report: Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession (CSMGEP) pp. 764-79

Gary Hoover and Ebonya Washington

Report: Committee on Status of LGBTQ+ Individuals in the Economics Profession (CSQIEP) pp. 780-81

Lee Badgett and Kitt Carpenter

Report: American Economic Association Committee on Statistics (AEAStat) pp. 782-84

John Haltiwanger

Report: Committee on Government Relations (CGR) pp. 785-86

Kenneth Troske

Report of the Task Force on Best Practices for Professional Conduct in Economics pp. 787-88

Amanda Bayer

Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Job Market pp. 801-02

John Cawley

Report of the AEA Ombudsperson pp. 803-06

Leto Copeley

Report of the Search Committee for the Editor for the Journal of Economic Perspectives pp. 807-

Janice Eberly

Report by the AEA Data Editor pp. 808-17

Lars Vilhuber

AEA Data and Code Availability Policy pp. 818-23

Lars Vilhuber