IZA Discussion Papers

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18503: School Starting Age and the Gender Pay Gap over the Life Cycle

Kamila Cygan-Rehm and Matthias Westphal

18502: Unpacking the Wage Sorting Trend

Jesper Bagger, Malthe Elholm, Jonas Maibom and Rune Vejlin

18501: Peer vs. Network Effects: Microfoundations, Identification, and Beyond

Yves Zenou

18500: Formal and Informal Labor Demand in Egyptian Manufacturing Firms

Amirah El-Haddad, Caroline Krafft, Irene Selwaness and Ragui Assaad

18499: Who Uses Advanced Technologies? Evidence from Manufacturing Firms from 38 Countries in 2025

Joachim Wagner

18498: Cloud Computing and Extensive Margins of Exports: An Update Using Data for 2025

Joachim Wagner

18497: A Note on Churning of Exporters and Dynamics of Exports: Evidence from Panel Data for 69 Countries

Joachim Wagner

18496: Use of Advanced Technologies and Extensive Margins of Exports in Manufacturing Firms from 27 EU Countries in 2025

Joachim Wagner

18495: Causal Effects of Breastfeeding Promotion on Child Health: Understanding the Role of Nutrition

Anne Brenoe, Jenna Stearns and Richard Martin

18494: Long-Term Trends in Racial and Ethnic Reporting and Representation in US Alzheimer's Clinical Trials

Zhuoer Lin, Ruochen Sun, Joseph Ross, Kien Lau, Sophia Stumpf and Xi Chen

18493: The Enclave Penalty: Tribes, Caste, and Electricity Reliability in India

Mehtabul Azam

18492: Shaken, but Not Deterred: Acute Stressors and the Formation of Hope and Aspirations among Tertiary-Educated Youth in Myanmar in the Aftermath of the 2025 Earthquake

Jeffrey Bloem, Yashodhan Ghorpade and Saad Imtiaz

18491: Market Size Disparity Moderates Competitive Balance Interventions in US Sports Leagues

Kyle Davis, Tyler Ransom, Christopher Black and Daniel Larson

18490: Expanding Horizons: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Adolescents' Career Information Acquisition

Sofia Badini, Esther Gehrke, Friederike Lenel and Claudia Schupp

18489: Crisis Narratives and Judicial Enforcement: Evidence from the Greek Fiscal Crisis

Alessandra Forestra, Rigissa Megalokonomou and Michael Vlassopoulos

18488: The Economic Determinants of Old-Age Poverty in South Korea: Evidence from Longitudinal Household Data

Gianna Giannelli and Tamara Hegyi

18487: The H-1B Wage Gap, Visa Fees, and Employer Demand

George Borjas

18486: The Effects of Fiscal News on Household Expectations and Spending: New Causal Evidence

Myungkyu Shim, Kwang Hwan Kim, Myunghwan Lee, Sangyup Choi, Siye Bae, Olivier Coibion and Yuriy Gorodnichenko

18485: Effective Families or Effective Schools? Experimental Evidence on Fostering Children's Numeracy

Samuel Berlinski, Michele Giannola and Alessandro Toppeta

18484: The Gender Wage Gap in Britain: A Meta-Analysis

Patrice Laroche, Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi and David Wilkinson

18483: Offsetting the Earnings Disincentive in Public Housing: Evidence from a Behaviorally Informed Field Intervention

Holly Dykstra and Fernández Guerrico, Sofía

18482: Private Information in the Family

Suzanne Bellue, Matthias Doepke and Tertilt, Michèle

18481: Preparing Kids for Capitalism: The Effect of German Reunification on the Intergenerational Transmission of Preferences

Matthias Doepke and Mariko Klasing

18480: What Explains the Increase in Immigrants' Educational Attainment in the United States?

Eva Dziadula and Madeline Zavodny

18479: Cultivating Change: Long-Term Effects of Repeated Training on Organic Farming Adoption in Indonesia

Nathalie Luck, Michael Grimm and Kristian Tamtomo

18478: The Impact of Brexit on UK Immigration and Labour Supply: Evidence from Synthetic Differences in Differences

Jonathan Portes and John Springford

18477: Female Promotions and the Academic Pipeline: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Manuel Bagues, Milan Makany, Giulia Vattuone and Natalia Zinovyeva

18476: Artificial Intelligence Capital and Business Innovation

Nick Drydakis

18475: Religious Polarisation, Economic Vulnerability, and Electoral Realignment: Evidence from West Bengal, India

Subhasish Dey, Vidhyarth Natarajan and Soham Sahoo

18474: Non-Formal Education and Life Satisfaction

Li Kathrin Kaja Rupieper and Stephan Thomsen

18473: Perceptions of Race in the Labor Market

Pedro St'Anna, Sulin Sardoschau and Aiko Schmeisser

18472: This Girl Can? The Effect of Promoting Physical Activity on Health Outcomes

Colin Green, John Heywood and Maria Paniagua

18471: The Short- and Long-Run Impact of Comparative Noncognitive Skills

Sofoklis Goulas

18470: High versus Low Skilled Migration, Corruption and Trade

Kusum Mundra and Tianhao Liu

18469: Planning and Assessing Export Promotion Activities Using Large International Trade Datasets: The Evolution of the Decision Support Model, 1995-2025

Martin Cameron and Naudé, Wim

18468: Roads to the Market or the Town Hall? New Evidence from India's PMGSY

Santosh Kumar Gautam, Monica Shandal and Ariel Zucker

18467: Lasting Effects of Retaking College Admission Exams

Veronica Frisancho, Sebastian Gallegos and Constanza Gonzalez

18466: Do Prior Residents Benefit from Energy Booms?

Luyi Han, John Winters and Michael Betz

18465: Labor Market Outcomes of Highly Educated Women in Japan: The Role of Field of Study and STEM Degrees

Yuko Ueno and Emiko Usui

18464: Climate Change Adaptation and Development: A Conceptual Framework

Romina Cavatassi, Teevrat Garg, Joshua Graff Zivin, Adriana Paolantonio, David Vargas and Philip Wollburg

18463: Gender Differences in Pension Investment: The Role of Biased Advice

Claudia Curi, Andreas Dibiasi, Matteo Ploner and Mirco Tonin

18462: Work Authorization Delays and Economic Integration of Asylum Seekers in the United States

Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes and Jose Bucheli

18461: The Labor Demand Implications of Brand Capital: Evidence from Trademark Transactions

Jaime Arellano-Bover, Carolina Bussotti, Matteo Paradisi and Liangjie Wu

18460: Identity and Cooperation in Multicultural Societies

Veronica Rattini, Natalia Montinari and Matteo Ploner

18459: Gender Role Attitudes and Marital Sorting: Implications for Household Inequality

Marco Francesconi, Cheti Nicoletti and Khushboo Surana

18458: Political Identity and Consumer Behaviour: Musk and Tesla in Germany

Johannes Buggle, Sebastian Butschek and Elian Tenschert

18457: What are the Impacts of Certificate-of-Need Laws? A Review of the Evidence

Charles Courtemanche and Joseph Garuccio

18456: Generative AI and Career Choices

Christian Gschwendt, Martina Viarengo and Thea S. Zollner

18455: How Does Tort Reform Affect Health Care Delivery

Charles Courtemanche and Joseph Garuccio

18454: On the (Mis)Use of Composite Indices: with Applications in Political Economy

Daniel Millimet and Alfredo Paloyo

18453: Expertise and Prediction Accuracy

Elisabeth Grewenig, Gründler, Klaus, Philipp Lergetporer, Niklas Potrafke, Katharina Werner and Helen Zeidler

18452: From Plans to People: Territorial Planning and Poverty in Colombia

Gustavo Canavire Bacarreza, Camilo Rios and Triveño, Luis

18451: Hit the Road Juan: Welfare and Labor Market Effects of High-Quality Roads in Ecuador

Osmar Bolivar Rosales, Gustavo Canavire Bacarreza and Andrew Balthrop

18450: Salary Caps in the Public Administration

Daniele Checchi, Francesco Figari and Carlo Fiorio

18449: Taxation, Informality, and Labor Market Responses: What Do We Really Know?

Gustavo Canavire Bacarreza, Susana Herrero-Olarte and Yeon Soo Kim

18448: How Institutions and Local Contexts Shape the Child Penalty: Evidence from Italy's Public and Private Sectors

Paola Biasi and Maria De Paola

18447: The Industrial Revolution Reconsidered: Hard Steps, The Great Filter, and Doomsday

Naudé, Wim

18446: Anticipating State Action: Risk Perceptions and Consumption under Immigration Enforcement

Alberto Ciancio and Camilo Garcia-Jimeno

18445: Disconnected: The Unequal Impact of Online Learning on Minority Students

Naomi Gershoni and Miri Stryjan

18444: Tastes, Ability or Expected Wages? The Intended Choice of College Majors by Students in Italy

Giorgio Brunello, Francesco Campo, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Martina Miotto and Lorenzo Rocco

18443: Minimum Wage and Job Transitions in Mexico

Francisco Cabrera-Hernandez and Duval Hernández, Robert

18442: Does AI Cheapen Talk? Theory and Evidence From Global Entrepreneurship and Hiring

Bo Cowgill, Pablo Hernandez-Lagos and Nataliya Wright

18441: The Effects of AI Assistance on Self-Promotion

Alexander Koch, Jenny Kragl, Sijuan Ming and Julia Nafziger

18440: Intangible Assets and Imperfections in Product and Labor Markets

Eric Bartelsman, Sabien Dobbelaere and Alessandro Zona Mattioli

18439: Predicting University Dropouts: Evidence on the Value of Student Expectations and Motivation

Thomas Epper, Kristoffer Ibsen, Alexander Koch and Julia Nafziger

18438: An Introduction to Double/Debiased Machine Learning

Achim Ahrens, Victor Chernozhukov, Christian Hansen, Damian Kozbur, Mark Schaffer and Thomas Wiemann

18437: Online Buddies for Job Seekers: A Field Experiment

Bart de Koning, Paul Muller, Belot, Michèle, Yvonne Engels, Didier Fouarge, Mario Keer, Philipp Kircher and Sandra Phlippen

18436: Sex, Lies and Birth Statistics: The Mysterious Case of the Spanish Missing Women

Manuel Bagues and Carmen Villa

18435: Immigrant-Native Wage Gaps and Immigration Tariffs: Examining the Case for an H-1B Visa Tax

Michael Clemens

18434: The Diffusion of Artificial Intelligence Across Firms: Evidence from Europe

Julio Garbers and Terry Gregory

18433: Mental Models of High School Success

Hübsch, Theresa, Robert Mahlstedt, Pia Pinger, Sonja Settele and Helene Willadsen

18432: Who Shirks at Work? An Application of Machine Learning to Time Use Data

Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio, José Alberto Molina and Jorge Velilla

18431: Parents' Perceptions of Occupational Fit

Brenøe, Anne and Daphne Rutnam

18430: How Job Attractiveness Is Shaped by Employer-Provided Childcare Arrangements

Morien El Haj, Eline Moens, Elsy Verhofstadt, Luc Van Ootegem and Stijn Baert

18429: Earning While Learning: How to Run Batched Bandit Experiments

Jan Kemper and Davud Rostam-Afschar

18428: Consequential Ethical Dilemmas: The Payoff-Trolley Game

David Dickinson

18427: The Trade-off Between Breastfeeding and Returning to Work: The Role of Workplace Constraints

Fari Aftab, Marina Della Giusta, Sarah Jewell and Samantha Rawlings

18426: The Consequences of Cellphone Restrictions in Classrooms

Ying Shi and Francisco Villarroel

18425: Abortion and Mental Health: Short-Term Distress, Long-Term Recovery

Sara Abrahamsson and Mara Barschkett

18424: Institutions and Climate Change

Nauro Campos, Flavia Ginefra, Angelo Martelli and Alessio Terzi

18423: Inferring Prices from Quantities

David Argente, Chang-Tai Hsieh and Munseob Lee

18422: Intergenerational Earnings Persistence Across Ethnicities

Maré, David and Omoniyi Alimi

18421: Language Skills and Labor Market Outcomes of Immigrants in Europe

Abdurrahman Aydemir and Ahmet Girisken

18420: Can a Deductible Kill? The Effect of Patient Cost-Sharing on Health

Padmaja Ayyagari, Martin Salm and Eric Sargent

18419: Control Without Credibility: Immigration to the UK Since the Brexit Referendum

Jonathan Portes

18418: Job Search, Job Amenities, and the Gender Pay Gap

Jason Faberman, Andreas Mueller and Sahin, Aysegül

18417: Risk Adjustment for ADRD in Medicare Advantage and Health Care Experiences

Wei Fu, Yuting Qian, Seyed Karimi, Hamid Zarei and Xi Chen

18416: Peer Effects in Classrooms: Evidence from Random Assignment

Lei Xu and Yu Zhu

18415: AI-Powered Skill Classification: Mapping Technology Intensity in the German Labor Market

Sabrina Grenz, Terry Gregory and Florian Lehmer

18414: Subsidy for the First Hires and Firm Performance

Haotian Deng, Sam Desiere, Bart Cockx and Gert Bijnens

18413: The Intergenerational Costs of Crime: Evidence from Maternal Victimization in Brazil

Martin Foureaux Koppensteiner and Livia Menezes

18412: End-of-Life Medical Spending: Patterns and Household Spillovers

Alexander Ahammer and Lea-Karla Matic

18411: The Unintended Consequences of a Pension Age Increase. Evidence from Ireland

Dora Tuda, Karina Doorley and Simona Sandorova

18410: New Developments in Understanding Why People Don't Move

Tyler Ransom

18409: Basic Needs Satisfaction as a Fundamental Distributive Principle: Evidence from the Lab and the Field

Thomas Dohmen, Frauke Meyer and Gari Walkowitz

18408: To Infinity and Beyond! Anthropocentric Stories of Innovation and Growth

Naudé, Wim

18407: Early Learning Across Decades: Advances in Measuring Head Start Effectiveness

Chloe Gibbs

18406: Parental Mental Health and the Economic Preferences of the Next Generation

Alexander Bertermann and Schildberg-Hörisch, Hannah

18405: Inflation and Human Capital Investment Decisions

Rodríguez-Planas, Núria and Kerstin Westergren

18404: Classrooms as Workplaces: How Student Composition Affects Teacher Health

Krzysztof Karbownik, Helena Svaleryd, Jonas Vlachos and Xuemeng Wang