IMF Working Papers

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International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC USA.
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2011/114: Causes of Asset Shortages in Emerging Markets

Jiaqian Chen and Patrick Imam

2011/113: On Brazil’s Term Structure: Stylized Facts and Analysis of Macroeconomic Interactions

Rodrigo Cabral, Richard Munclinger, Luiz Alves and Marco Rodriguez Waldo

2011/112: Words vs. Deeds: What Really Matters?

Mahvash Qureshi, Atish Ghosh and Charalambos Tsangarides

2011/111: Identifying Vulnerabilities in Systemically-Important Financial Institutions in a Macro-Financial Linkages Framework

Tao Sun

2011/110: New Shocks and Asset Price Volatility in General Equilibrium

Alessandro Rebucci, Akito Matsumoto, Pietro Cova and Massimiliano Pisani

2011/109: Real Unit Labor Costs Differentials in EMU+L4700: How Big, How Benign and How Reversible?

Igor Lebrun and Esther Perez Ruiz

2011/108: Estimating a Small Open-Economy Model for Egypt: Spillovers, Inflation Dynamics, and Implications for Monetary Policy

Elif Arbatli Saxegaard and Kenji Moriyama

2011/107: Identifying Fiscal Policy Transmission in Stochastic Debt Forecasts

Kei Kawakami and Rafael Romeu

2011/106: New Evidenceon Cyclical and Structural Sources of Unemployment

Jinzhu Chen, Bharat Trehan, Prakash Kannan and Prakash Loungani

2011/105: Has the Great Recession Raised U.S. Structural Unemployment?

Marcello Estevão and Evridiki Tsounta

2011/104: Ghana: Will it Be Gifted or Will it Be Cursed?

Burcu Aydin

2011/103: Macroeconomic Costs of Higher Bank Capital and Liquidity Requirements

Scott Roger and Jan Vlcek

2011/102: Oil Spill(over)s: Linkages in Petroleum Product Pricing Policies in West African Countries

Mohamed El Harrak, Antonio David, Lorraine Ocampos and Marshall Mills

2011/101: Development of Financial Markets in Central Europe: the Case of the CE4 Countries

Amat Adarov and Robert Tchaidze

2011/100: Assessing Fiscal Stress

Gabriela Dobrescu, Iva Petrova, Nazim Belhocine and Emanuele Baldacci

2011/099: Did Export Diversification Soften the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis?

Rafael Romeu and Nelson Costa Neto

2011/098: Real-time Forecasts of Economic Activity for Latin American Economies

Philip Liu, Rafael Romeu and Troy Matheson

2011/097: Lessons for Monetary Policy: What Should the Consensus Be?

Otmar Issing

2011/096: Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanisms in Pacific Island Countries

Jonathan Dunn, Matt Davies, Yongzheng Yang, Yiqun Wu and Shengzu Wang

2011/095: The Tax Elasticity of Corporate Debt: A Synthesis of Size and Variations

Ruud de Mooij

2011/094: Measuring Fiscal Vulnerability and Fiscal Stress: A Proposed Set of Indicators

James McHugh, Iva Petrova and Emanuele Baldacci

2011/093: Financial Conditions Indexes for the United States and Euro Area

Troy Matheson

2011/092: International Mutual Funds, Capital Flow Volatility, and Contagion – A Survey

R. Gaston Gelos

2011/091: How to Deal with Real Estate Booms: Lessons from Country Experiences

Pau Rabanal, Christopher Crowe, Giovanni Dell'ariccia and Deniz Igan

2011/090: Growth from International Capital Flows: The Role of Volatility Regimes

Antu Murshid and Ashoka Mody

2011/089: France: Lessons from Past Fiscal Consolidation Plans

Edouard Martin, Irina Yakadina and Irina Tytell

2011/088: How Do Business and Financial Cycles Interact?

Marco Terrones, Ayhan Kose and Stijn Claessens

2011/087: The Monetary Transmission in Dollarized and Non-Dollarized Economies: The Cases of Chile, New Zealand, Peru and Uruguay

Santiago Acosta Ormaechea and David Coble

2011/086: Identifying the Linkages between Major Mining Commodity Prices and China’s Economic Growth—Implications for Latin America

Yongzhen Yu

2011/085: Corporate and Household Debt Distress in Latvia: Strengthening the Incentives for Market-Based Approach to Debt Resolution

Magnus Saxegaard, Michaela Erbenova and Yan Liu

2011/084: The Dynamics of the Term Structure of Interest Rates in the United States in Light of the Financial Crisis of 2007–10

Marco Rodriguez Waldo and Carlos Medeiros

2011/083: Next Generation Balance Sheet Stress Testing

Christian Schmieder, Maher Hasan and Claus Puhr

2011/082: Fat-Tails and their (Un)Happy Endings: Correlation Bias and its Implications for Systemic Risk and Prudential Regulation

International Monetary Fund

2011/081: Towards Inflation Targeting in Sri Lanka

Ding Ding, Rahul Anand and Shanaka Peiris

2011/080: Feeling The Elephant’s Weight: The Impact of Côte d’Ivoire’s Crisis on WAEMU Trade

Philippe Egoume Bossogo and Ankouvi Nayo

2011/079: Mongolia: Measuring the Output Gap

Julia Bersch and Tara Sinclair

2011/078: Deposit Formation in Georgia

Robert Tchaidze and Salome Tvalodze

2011/077: Evidence on Productivity, Comparative Advantage, and Networks in the Export Performance of Firms

Luca Ricci and Federico Trionfetti

2011/076: Financial Cycles: What? How? When?

Marco Terrones, Ayhan Kose and Stijn Claessens

2011/075: Probabilities of Default and the Market Price of Risk in a Distressed Economy

Miguel Segoviano and Raphael Espinoza

2011/074: A network analysis of global banking: 1978–2009

Javier Reyes and Camelia Minoiu

2011/073: ICT, Financial Inclusion, and Growth: Evidence from African Countries

Kangni Kpodar and Mihasonirina Andrianaivo

2011/072: An Analysis of U.S. Fiscal and Generational Imbalances: Who Will Pay and How?

Nicoletta Batini, Julia Guerreiro and Giovanni Callegari

2011/071: Reconsidering the Role of Food Prices in Inflation

James Walsh

2011/070: Debt Dilution and Sovereign Default Risk

Leonardo Martinez, Juan Hatchondo and Cesar Sosa Padilla

2011/069: Fiscal sustainability and the fiscal reaction function for South Africa

Charl Jooste, Alfredo Cuevas, Ian Stuart and Philippe Burger

2011/068: Sovereign Rating News and Financial Markets Spillovers: Evidence from the European Debt Crisis

Bertrand Candelon, Amadou Sy and Rabah Arezki

2011/067: Capital Flows to EU New Member States: Does Sector Destination Matter?

Pritha Mitra

2011/066: Making OTC Derivatives Safe—A Fresh Look

Manmohan Singh

2011/065: Effects of Fiscal Consolidation in the Czech Republic

Stephen Snudden and Vladimir Klyuev

2011/064: Reviving the Competitive Storage Model: A Holistic Approach to Food Commodity Prices

Norbert Funke, Weifeng Wu and Yanliang Miao

2011/063: Leadership Contestability, Monopolistic Rents and Growth

Roberto Piazza

2011/062: Food Prices and Political Instability

Rabah Arezki and Markus Brückner

2011/061: How Strong are Fiscal Multipliers in the GCC?

Raphael Espinoza and Abdelhak Senhadji

2011/060: Imperfect Information and Saving in a Small Open Economy

Agustin Roitman and Christian Daude

2011/059: Inflation Uncertainty and Relative Price Variability in WAEMU Countries

Kerstin Gerling and Carlos Fernandez Valdovinos

2011/058: Creditless Recoveries

Abdul Abiad, Giovanni Dell'ariccia and Grace Li

2011/057: Modeling Inflation in Chad

Tidiane Kinda

2011/056: Fiscal Rules in a Volatile World: A Welfare-Based Approach

Jorge Restrepo, Carlos García and Evan Tanner

2011/055: The Impact of Legislation on Credit Risk—Comparative Evidence From the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany

Philipp Schmieder and Christian Schmieder

2011/054: Taxing Financial Transactions: Issues and Evidence

Thornton Matheson

2011/053: Evaluating GDP Forecasting Models for Korea

Li Zeng

2011/052: How Big (Small?) are Fiscal Multipliers?

Ethan Ilzetzki, Enrique Mendoza and Carlos Végh Gramont

2011/051: Determinants of Bank Credit in Emerging Market Economies

Vahram Stepanyan and Kai Guo

2011/050: Bank Ownership and the Effects of Financial Liberalization: Evidence from India

Poonam Gupta, Kalpana Kochhar and Sanjaya Panth

2011/049: Dollarization in Cambodia: Causes and Policy Implications

Nombulelo Braiton

2011/048: Fiscal Expectations Under the Stability and Growth Pact: Evidence from Survey Data

Marcos Poplawski Ribeiro and Jan-Christoph Rülke

2011/047: Additions to Market Indices and the Comovement of Stock Returns Around the World

Yishay Yafeh and Stijn Claessens

2011/046: Current Account Rebalancing and Real Exchange Rate Adjustment Between the U.S. and Emerging Asia

Damiano Sandri, Pau Rabanal and Isabelle Mejean

2011/045: The Real Effects of Financial Sector Interventions During Crises

Fabian Valencia and Luc Laeven

2011/044: Sovereign Credit Ratings and Spreads in Emerging Markets: Does Investment Grade Matter?

Laura Jaramillo and Michelle Tejada

2011/043: New Indicators for Tracking Growth in Real Time

Troy Matheson

2011/042: Limits of Floating Exchange Rates: the Role of Foreign Currency Debt and Import Structure

Pascal Towbin and Sebastian Weber

2011/041: Fiscal Policy During Absorption Cycles

Ferhan Salman and Gabriela Dobrescu

2011/040: Growth in Africa Under Peace and Market Reforms

Olessia Korbut, Gonzalo Salinas and Cheikh Gueye

2011/039: Measuring Energy Security: Trends in the Diversification of Oil and Natural Gas Supplies

Prakash Loungani, Fred Joutz and Gail Cohen

2011/038: The Demographic Dividend: Evidence from the Indian States

Ashoka Mody and Shekhar Aiyar

2011/037: Investing in Public Investment: An Index of Public Investment Efficiency

Zac Mills, Annette Kyobe, Jim Brumby, Chris Papageorgiou and Era Dabla-Norris

2011/036: Central Bank Balances and Reserve Requirements

Simon Gray

2011/035: The Great Rebalancing Act: Can Investment Be a Lever in Asia?

Malhar Nabar and Murtaza Syed

2011/034: What Drives the Performance of Selected MENA Banks? A Meta-Frontier Analysis

Sami Ben Naceur, Barbara Casu and Hichem Ben-Khedhiri

2011/033: Conformism and Public News

Celine Rochon and Gabriel Desgranges

2011/032: Recession and Policy Transmission to Latin American Tourism: Does Expanded Travel to Cuba Offset Crisis Spillovers?

Andy Wolfe and Rafael Romeu

2011/031: Classifications of Countries Basedon their Level of Development: How it is Done and How it Could Be Done

Lynge Nielsen

2011/030: The Electricity Sector in FYR Macedonia

Alexander Tieman

2011/029: Stress Tests for Defined Benefit Pension Plans – A Primer

Gregorio Impavido

2011/028: An Estimated Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model of the Jordanian Economy

Tigran Poghosyan and Samya Beidas-Strom

2011/027: Global Shocks and their Impacton Low-Income Countries: Lessons From theglobal Financial Crisis

Chris Papageorgiou, Hans Weisfeld, Catherine Pattillo, Martin Schindler, Nikola Spatafora and Andrew Berg

2011/026: Reversing the Financial Accelerator: Credit Conditions and Macro-Financial Linkages

Tamim Bayoumi and Reginald Darius

2011/025: Globalization, the Business Cycle, and Macroeconomic Monitoring

S. Boragan Aruoba, Marco Terrones, Ayhan Kose and Francis Diebold

2011/024: Overborrowing, Financial Crises and ‘Macro-prudential’ Policy

Enrique Mendoza and Javier Bianchi

2011/023: Consolidated Regulation and Supervision in the United States

Ashok Bhatia

2011/022: Exploration of the Brazilian Term Structure in a Hidden Markov Framework

Richard Munclinger

2011/021: Government Debt Issuance in the Euro Area: The Impact of the Financial Crisis

International Monetary Fund

2011/020: Armenia: An Assessment of the Real Exchange Rate and Competitiveness

Anke Weber and Chunfang Yang

2011/019: Investment Objectives of Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Shifting Paradigm

Iva Petrova, Jukka Pihlman, Peter Kunzel and Yinqiu Lu

2011/018: Determinants of Remittances: Evidence From tonga

Huidan Lin

2011/017: Strengthening Chile's Rule-Based Fiscal Framework

Teresa Daban Sanchez

2011/016: Trade and Trade Finance in the 2008-09 Financial Crisis

Thomas Dorsey, Mika Saito, Armine Khachatryan, Irena Asmundson and Ioana Niculcea

2011/015: To Fire or to Hoard? Explaining Japan’s Labor Market Response in the Great Recession

Chad Steinberg and Masato Nakane