IMF Working Papers

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2000/045: Dynamic Gains From Trade: Evidence From South Africa

Arvind Subramanian and Gunnar Jonsson

2000/044: Globalization and Growth in the Twentieth Century

Nicholas Crafts

2000/043: The International Monetary System in the (Very) Long Run

Nathan Sussman and Barry Eichengreen

2000/042: Educational Choices and Educational Constraints: Evidence From Bolivia

Gabriela Inchauste

2000/041: Demographic Transition in the Middle East: Implications for Growth, Employment, and Housing

Rina Bhattacharya, Tarik Yousef and Pierre Dhonte

2000/040: Retarding Short-Term Capital Inflows Through withholding Tax

Howell Zee

2000/039: Currency Crisis and Contagion: Evidence From Exchange Rates and Sectoral Stock Indices of the Philippines and Thailand

Jun Nagayasu

2000/038: Financial Liberalization, Bank Market Structure, and Financial Deepening: An Interest Margin Analysis

Abdourahmane Sarr

2000/037: Concordance in Business Cycles

Christopher McDermott and Alasdair Scott

2000/036: The Role of the State and the Quality of the Public Sector

Vito Tanzi

2000/035: Tax Policy for Emerging Markets: Developing Countries

Howell Zee and Vito Tanzi

2000/034: Toward a Framework for Systemic Liquidity Policy

J. Hobbs, Claudia Dziobek and Dewitt Marston

2000/033: Two Approaches to Resolving Nonperforming Assets During Financial Crises

David Woo

2000/032: The Great Contractions in Russia, the Baltics and the Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union: A View From the Supply Side

International Monetary Fund

2000/031: Trade Policy in Financial Services

Brad McDonald, Geoffrey Bannister, Natalia Tamirisa, Piritta Sorsa and Jaroslaw Wieczorek

2000/030: The Transition Economies After Ten Years

Stanley Fischer and Ratna Sahay

2000/029: The Choice of Exchange Rate Regime and Monetary Target in Highly Dollarized Economies

Eduardo Borensztein and Andrew Berg

2000/028: Devaluation Expectations and the Stock Market: The Case of Mexico in 1994/95

Torbjorn Becker, Anthony Richards and R. Gaston Gelos

2000/027: Estimation of Trade Protection in Middle East and North African Countries

Maria-Angels Oliva

2000/026: Shadow Economies Around the World: Size, Causes, and Consequences

Friedrich Schneider and Dominik Enste

2000/025: Financial Crisis and Credit Crunch in Korea: Evidence From Firm-Level Data

Jong-Wha Lee and Eduardo Borensztein

2000/024: A Framework for Price Statistics

Kimberly Zieschang

2000/023: Corruption and Military Spending

International Monetary Fund

2000/022: The Unbearable Stability of the German Wage Structure: Evidence and Interpretation

Eswar Prasad

2000/021: Monetary Policy in Transition: The Case of Mongolia

Torsten Sloek

2000/020: Bad Dreams Under Alternative Anchors: Are the Consequences Different?

Leonardo Auernheimer and Susan George

2000/019: The Interest Rate-Exchange Rate Nexus in the Asian Crisis Countries

Atish Ghosh and Gabriela Basurto

2000/018: What Will Happen to Financial Markets When the Baby Boomers Retire?

Robin Brooks

2000/017: International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries

Ehsan Choudhri and Dalia Hakura

2000/016: Pension System Viability and Reform Alternatives in the Czech Republic

Thomas Laursen

2000/015: Composition of Government Expenditure, Human Capital Accumulation, and Welfare

John Matovu

2000/014: Discriminating Contagion: An Alternative Explanation of Contagious Currency Crises in Emerging Markets

Pavan Ahluwalia

2000/013: Taxes and Tradable Permits As Instruments for Controlling Pollution: Theory and Practice

John Norregaard and Valerie Reppelin

2000/012: Globalization and the Future of Social Protection

Vito Tanzi

2000/011: Public Capital and Output Growth in Portugal: An Empirical Analysis

Jenny Ligthart

2000/010: Intra-Arab Trade: Is it too Little?

Tarik Yousef and Hassan Al-Atrash

2000/009: Deposit-Refundon Labor: A Solution to Equilibrium Unemployment?

Ben Heijdra and Jenny Ligthart

2000/008: The Role of Human Capital in Economic Growth: The Case of Spain

Paolo Mauro and Enric Fernandez

2000/007: The Japanese Banking Crisis of the 1990's: Sources and Lessons

David Woo and Akihiro Kanaya

2000/006: The "Soaring Eagle": Anatomy of the Polish Take-Off in the 1990's

International Monetary Fund

2000/005: Product Variety and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for the Oecd Countries

Michael Funke

2000/004: Identifying Domestic and Imported Core Inflation

Hilde Bjørnland

2000/003: Does Deposit Insurance Increase Banking System Stability?

Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Enrica Detragiache

2000/002: Property Prices and Speculative Bubbles: Evidence From Hong Kong SAR

Christoph Duenwald

2000/001: Improving Governance and Fighting Corruption in the Baltic and CIS Countries: The Role of the IMF

Emine Gürgen and Thomas Wolf

1999/181: Assessing External Sustainability in India

Tim Callen and Paul Cashin

1999/180: The Political Economy of Redistributive Social Security

Pierre Pestieau

1999/179: The Efficiency of Education Expenditure in Portugal

Benedict Clements

1999/178: Currency and Banking Crises: The Early Warnings of Distress

Graciela Kaminsky

1999/177: Redistribution Through Public Employment: The Case of Italy

Stephan Danninger, Alberto Alesina and Massimo Rostagno

1999/176: Fiscal Federalism and Government Size in Transition Economies: The Case of Moldova

International Monetary Fund

1999/175: Global Equilibrium Exchange Rates: Euro, Dollar, “Ins,” “Outs,” and Other Major Currencies in a Panel Cointegration Framework

Susana Garcia Cervero, Humberto Lopez, Enrique Alberola Ila and Angel Ubide

1999/174: Risk, Resources, and Education—Public Versus Private Financing of Higher Education

International Monetary Fund

1999/173: Demand for M2 in an Emerging-Market Economy: An Error-Correction Model for Malaysia

Subramanian Sriram

1999/171: Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice

Anke Hoeffler, Catherine Pattillo and Paul Collier

1999/170: Central Bank Independence and the Conduct of Monetary Policy in the United Kingdom

Hossein Samiei and Jan Martijn

1999/169: The Myth of Comoving Commodity Prices

Christopher McDermott, Alasdair Scott and Paul Cashin

1999/168: Global Liquidity and Asset Prices: Measurement, Implications, and Spillovers

Klaas Baks and Charles Kramer

1999/167: Ownership of Capital in Monetary Economies and the Inflation Tax on Equity

Thomas Cosimano, Ralph Chami and Connel Fullenkamp

1999/166: Why Do Firms Pay Antidumping Duty?

Poonam Gupta

1999/165: Rethinking Subnational Taxes: A New Look At Tax Assignment

Richard Bird

1999/164: Multiple Equilibria, Contagion, and the Emerging Market Crises

Paul Masson

1999/163: Income Distribution, Informal Safety Nets, and Social Expenditures in Uganda

Calvin McDonald, Christian Schiller and Kenichi Ueda

1999/162: The Suitability of ASEAN for a Regional Currency Arrangement

Paolo Mauro and Tamim Bayoumi

1999/161: The Disappearing Openness-Inflation Relationship: A Cross-Country Analysis of Inflation Rates

Michael Bleaney

1999/160: The 1994 Mexican Economic Crisis: The Role of Government Expenditure and Relative Prices

Eliot Kalter and Armando Ribas

1999/159: Political Economy Aspects of Trade and Financial Liberalization: Implications for Sequencing

Rina Bhattacharya

1999/158: Linkages Among Asset Markets in the United States: Tests in a Bivariate GARCH Framework

Parha Deb and Salim Darbar

1999/157: Suriname: A Case Study of High Inflation

Sukhdev Shah and Benedikt Braumann

1999/156: On the Fast Track to EU Accession: Macroeconomic Effects and Policy Challenges for Estonia

Günther Taube and Rene Weber

1999/155: Booms and Slumps in World Commodity Prices

Christopher McDermott, Paul Cashin and Alasdair Scott

1999/154: Identifying the Common Component in International Economic Fluctuations: A New Approach

Robin Lumsdaine and Eswar Prasad

1999/153: Regulation of Withdrawals in Individual Account Systems

Jan Walliser

1999/152: Has the Nature of Crises Changed? A Quarter Century of Currency Crises in Argentina

Nada Choueiri and Graciela Kaminsky

1999/151: Bank Rating Changes and Bank Stock Returns—Puzzling Evidence from the Emerging Markets

Anthony Richards and David Deddouche

1999/150: Foreign Investment in Colombia’s Financial Sector

Adolfo Barajas, Natalia Salazar and Roberto Steiner

1999/149: Why Has Inflation in the United States Remained So Low? Reassessing the Importance of Labor Costs and the Price of Imports

Jorge Chan-Lau and Stephen Tokarick

1999/148: Idiosyncratic Risk: An Empirical Analysis, with Implications for the Risk of Relative-Value Trading Strategies

Anthony Richards

1999/147: Monitoring Banking Sector Fragility: A Multivariate Logit Approach

Enrica Detragiache and Asli Demirguc-Kunt

1999/146: Sources of Contagion: Finance or Trade?

International Monetary Fund

1999/145: Trade and Industrialization in Developing Agricultural Economies

Athanasios Vamvakidis and Sergei Dodzin

1999/144: Can a Shorter Workweek Induce Higher Employment? Mandatory Reductions in the Workweek and Employment Subsidies

S. Erbas and Chera Sayers

1999/143: Corporate Leverage, Bankruptcy, and Output Adjustment in Post-Crisis East Asia

Se-Jik Kim and Mark Stone

1999/142: From Toronto Terms to the HIPC Initiative: A Brief History of Debt Relief for Low-Income Countries

Christina Daseking and Robert Powell

1999/141: Nominal Exchange Rates and Nominal Interest Rate Differentials

Francisco Nadal De Simone and Weshah Razzak

1999/140: Central Bank Participation in Currency Options Markets

Peter Breuer

1999/139: Recapitalizing Banks with Public Funds: Selected Issues

International Monetary Fund

1999/138: The Asia Crisis: Causes, Policy Responses, and Outcomes

Andrew Berg

1999/137: A Peek Inside the Black Box: The Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Japan

Tamim Bayoumi and James Morsink

1999/136: Portfolio Diversification, Leverage, and Financial Contagion

T. Smith and Garry Schinasi

1999/135: Corporate Insolvency Procedures and Bank Behavior: A Study of Selected Asian Economies

Qaizar Hussain and Clas Wihlborg

1999/134: Macroeconomic and Sectoral Effects of Terms-of-Trade Shocks: The Experience of the Oil-Exporting Developing Countries

International Monetary Fund

1999/133: Country Risks and the Investment Activity of U.S. Multinationals in Developing Countries

Alexander Lehmann

1999/132: Exchange-Rate-Based Stabilization: A Critical Look at the Stylized Facts

A. Javier Hamann

1999/131: EMU Challenges European Labor Markets

Christiane Krieger-Boden, Dirk Dohse and Rüdiger Soltwedel

1999/130: Skill Acquisition and Firm Creation in Transition Economies

Wenli Li, Zuzana Brixiova Schwidrowski and Tarik Yousef

1999/129: Emerging Markets Crisis: An Asset Markets Perspective

Arvind Krishnamurthy and Ricardo Caballero

1999/128: Neglected Heterogeneity and Dynamics in Cross-Country Savings Regressions

International Monetary Fund

1999/127: The Enforcement of Property Rights and Underdevelopment

Era Dabla-Norris and Scott Freeman

1999/126: Long-Term International Capital Movements and Technology: A Review

Harm Zebregs