Policy Research Working Paper Series

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205: What determines national savings?: a case study of Korea and the Philippines

Sang-Woo Nam

204: The impact of labor costs on manufactured exports in developing countries: an econometric analysis

Luis Riveros

203: Optimal commodity taxes under rationing

Nanak Kakwani and Ranjan Ray

202: Financial policies, growth, and efficiency

Alan H. Gelb

201: How much fiscal adjustment is enough? The case of Colombia

William Easterly

200: Women and development: objectives, frameworks, and policy interventions

T. Paul Schultz

199: Assessment of the private sector: a case study and its methodological implications

Samuel Paul

198: Equity in unequal deductions: implications of income tax rules in Ghana and Nigeria

Chad Leechor and Robert Warner

197: Differentiating cyclical and long-term income elasticities of import demand

Fernando Clavijo and Riccardo Faini

196: A review of alternative debt strategies

Eugene L. Versluysen

195: How has the debt crisis affected commercial banks?

Harry Huizinga

194: Efficient debt reduction

Jeffrey Sachs

193: Voluntary and involuntary lending: a test of major hypotheses

Peter Nunnenkamp

192: Inflation, price controls, and fiscal adjustment in Zimbabwe

Ajay Chhibber, Joaquin Cottani, Reza Firuzabadi and Michael Walton

191: Openness, outward orientation, trade liberalization, and economic performance in developing countries

Sebastian Edwards

190: Macro performance under adjustment lending

Riccardo Faini, Jaime de Melo, Abdel Senhadji-Semlali and Julie Stanton

189: The treatment of companies under cash flow taxes: some administrative, transitional, and international issues

Emil M. Sunley

188: International differences in wage and nonwage labor costs

Luis Riveros

187: Linking wages to changing output prices: an empirical study of 13 industrial countries

Menahem Prywes

186: The Uruguay negotiations on subsidies and countervailing measures: past and future constraints

Patrick Messerlin

185: Uniform trade taxes, devaluation, and the real exchange rate: a theoretical analysis

Stephen O'Connell

184: Women and forestry: operational issues

Augusta Molnar and Gotz Schreiber

183: Private investment in Mexico: an empirical analysis

Alberto R. Musalem

182: Latin America's experience with export subsidies

Julio Nogues

181: Public finance, trade, and development: what have we learned?

Johannes F. Linn and Deborah L. Wetzel

180: Structural changes in metals consumption

Boum-Jong Choe

179: Public sector pricing in a fiscal context

Christopher Heady

178: Tax holidays and investments

Jack Mintz

177: Cash flow or income?: the choice of base for company taxation

Jack Mintz and Jesus Seade

176: Credit rationing, tenancy, productivity, and the dynamics of inequality

Avishay Braverman and Joseph Stiglitz

175: An integrated model of perennial and annual crop production for Sub-Saharan countries

Robert Weaver

174: Trade restrictions with imported intermediate inputs: when does the trade balance improve?

Ramon Lopez and Dani Rodrik

173: Hospital management staffing and training issues

Julio Frenk, Enrique Ruelas and Avedis Donabedian

172: The effects of Peru's push to improve education

Elizabeth King and Rosemary T. Bellew

171: The cost-effectiveness of national training systems in developing countries

Christopher Dougherty

170: General training under asymmetric information

Eliakim Katz and Adrian Ziderman

169: Financial sector reforms in adjustment programs

Alan Gelb and Patrick Honahan

168: Technological change from inside: a review of breakthroughs

Ashoka Mody

167: Do price increases for staple foods help or hurt the rural poor?

Martin Ravallion

166: Achieving and sustaining universal primary education: international experience relevant to India

Nat J. Colletta and Margaret Sutton

165: Shifting patterns of comparative advantage: manufactured exports in developing countries

Alexander James Yeats

164: Intersectoral financial flows in developing countries

Patrick Honohan and Izak Atiyas

163: How infrastructure and financial institutions affect agricultural output and investment in India

Hans Binswanger-Mkhize, Shahidur Khandker and Mark Rosenzweig

162: Inflation in Argentina: stop and go since the Austral plan

Miguel A. Kiguel

161: Commodity indexed debt in international lending

Timothy Besley and Andrew Powell

160: Evaluating the performance of public enterprises in Pakistan

Mary M. Shirley

0160: Identifying Urban Areas by Combining Human Judgment and Machine Learning: An Application to India

Virgilio Galdo, Yue-000316086 Li and Martin Rama

159: Current international gas trades and prices

Kay McKeough

158: Labor redundancy in the transport sector

Alice Galenson

157: A policy model for Tunisia with real and financial flows

Martha de Melo, Marc Leduc and Setareh Razmara

156: Credit cooperatives in Israeli agriculture

Yoav Kislev, Zvi Lerman and Pinhas Zusman

155: Measuring adult mortality in developing countries: a review and assessment of methods

Ian Timaeus and Wendy Graham

154: Forecasting, uncertainty, and public project appraisal

Jock Anderson

153: An analysis of debt-reduction schemes initiated by debtor countries

Ishac Diwan and Stijn Claessens

152: Subsidies and countervailing measures: economic considerations

Bela Balassa

151: U.S. trade policy towards developing countries

Bela Balassa

150: Improving the currency composition of external debt: applications in Indonesia and Turkey

Ken Kroner and Stijn Claessens

149: Reflections on perestroyka and the foreign economic ties of the USSR

Bela Balassa

148: Impact of the International Coffee Agreement's export quota system on the World's coffee market

Takamasa Akiyama and Panayotis Varangis

147: The private sector's response to financial liberalization in Turkey: 1980-82

Izak Atiyas

146: Exchange rate based disinflation, wage rigidity, and capital inflows: tradeoffs for Chile, 1977-81

Timothy Condon, Vittorio Corbo and Jaime de Melo

145: Revenue raising taxes: general equilibrium evaluation of alternative taxation in U.S. petroleum industries

Jaime de Melo, Julie Stanton and David Tarr

144: Product differentiation and foreign trade in CGE models of small economies

Jaime de Melo and Sherman Robinson

143: Decentralization in education: an economic perspective

Donald R. Winkler

142: Vocational secondary schooling in Israel: a study of labor market outcomes

Adrian Ziderman

141: Payroll taxes for financing training in developing countries

Adrian Ziderman

140: Building educational evaluation capacity in developing countries

John Middleton, James Terry and Deborah Bloch

139: A conceptual framework for adjustment policies

Bela Balassa

138: Fiscal adjustment and deficit financing during the debt crisis

William Easterly

137: Trends in nontariff barriers of developed countries: 1966-1986

Sam Laird and Alexander Yeats

136: Pricing commodity bonds using binomial option pricing

Raghuram Rajan

135: P.P.R working papers: catalog of numbers 1to 200

Policy Research Dissemination Center

134: International trade in financial services

Silvia B. Sagari

133: Lewis through a looking glass: public sector employment, rent-seeking, and economic growth

Alan Gelb, Richard H. Sabot and John Knight

132: Is the discount on the secondary market a case for LDC debt relief?

Daniel Cohen

131: Implementing direct consumption taxes in developing countries

George Zodrow and Charles E. McLure

130: Maternal education and the vicious cycle of high fertility and malnutrition: an analytic survey

Matthew Lockwood and Paul Collier

129: Women in development: defining the issues

Paul Collier

128: Public finance in adjustment programs

Ajay Chhibber and Javad Khalilzadeh-Shirazi

127: Linking development, trade, and debt strategies in highly indebted countries

Ishac Diwan

126: Educating managers for business and government: a review of international experience

Samuel Paul, John C. Ickis and Jacob Levitsky

125: The effects of financial liberalization on Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines: a quantitative analysis

Christophe Chamley and Qaizar Husain

124: International macroeconomic adjustment, 1987-1992: a world model approach

Robert E. King and Helena Tang

123: Export supply, capacity, and relative prices

Riccardo Faini

122: Import demand in developing countries

Riccardo Faini, Lant Pritchett and Fernando Clavijo

121: Commercial bank provisioning against claims on developing countries

Graham Bird

120: Public policy and private investment in Turkey

Ajay Chhibber and Sweder van Wijnbergen

119: Recent developments in commodity modeling: a World Bankfocus

Walter C. Labys

118: Contract plans and public enterprise performance

John R. Nellis

117: Europe, Middle East, and North Africa region population projections: 1988-89 edition

My T. Vu, Eduard Bos and Rodolfo A. Bulatao

116: Latin America and the Caribbean region population projections 1988-89

My T. Vu, Eduard Bos and Rodolfo A. Bulatao

115: Asia region population projections: 1988-89 edition

My T. Vu, Eduard Bos and Rodolfo A. Bulatao

114: Africa region population projections - 1988-89

My T. Vu, Eduard Bos and Rodolfo A. Bulatao

113: Public sector pay and employment reform: a review of World Bank experience

Barbara Nunberg

112: A visual overview of world oil markets

Kay McKeogh, Jose Escay and Sompheap Sem

111: Recent World Bank activities in energy

Industry and Energy Department

110: Impact of lower oil prices on renewable energy technologies

Ernesto Terrado, Matthew Mendis and Kevin Fitzgerald

109: Improving power system efficiency in developing countries through performance contracting

Philip Yates

108: How to collect data on household energy consumption

Josef Leitmann

107: A review of World Bank lending for electric power

Mohan Munasinghe, Joseph Gilling and Melody Mason