Policy Research Working Paper Series

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10244: Towards a More Inclusive Economy: Understanding the Barriers Sudanese Women and Youth Face in Accessing Employment Opportunities

Alvin Etang Ndip, Jonna Maria Lundvall, Eiman Adil Mohamed Osman and Jennifer Solveig Wistrand

10243: Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan

Alvin Etang Ndip and Sering Touray

10242: Interviewer Design Effects in Household Surveys: Evidence from Sudan

Alvin Etang Ndip, Habtamu Neda Fuje and Christopher Nathanael Root

10241: A Proxy Means Test for Targeted Social Protection Programs in Sudan

Alvin Etang Ndip, Paul Alan Ervin and Suleiman Namara

10240: Wave Reduction by Mangroves during Cyclones in Bangladesh: Implementing Nature-Based Solutions for Coastal Resilience

Alejandra Gijón Mancheño, Vincent Vuik, Bregje K. van Wesenbeeck, Jonkman,S.N. (Bas), Roelof Moll, Swarna Kazi, Ignacio M. Urrutia Duarte and Mathijs Van Ledden

10239: The Effects of Childcare on Women and Children: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Burkina Faso

Kehinde Ajayi, Aziz Dao and Mousson Estelle Jamel Koussoube

10238: Legacies of Conflict: Experiences, Self-efficacy and the Formation of Conditional Trust

Niklas Buehren, Markus P. Goldstein, Imran Rasul and Andrea Smurra

10237: Scarcity Nationalism during COVID-19: Identifying the Impact on Trade Costs

Peter Egger, Gerard Masllorens, Nadia Patrizia Rocha Gaffurri and Michele Ruta

10236: Pollution and Labor Productivity: Evidence from Chilean Cities

Charl Jooste, Ted Paul Loch Temzelides, James Sampi and Hasan Dudu

10235: Give Me a Pass: Flexible Credit for Entrepreneurs in Colombia

Lasse Florian Brune, Xavier Gine and Dean Karlan

10234: Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment ? Experimental Evidence from Mexico

Martin Abel, Eliana Carranza, Kimberly Jean Geronimo and Maria Elena Ortega Hesles

10233: Deconstructing the Missing Middle: Informality and Growth of Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa

Kaleb Girma Abreha, Xavier Cirera, Elwyn Adriaan Robin Davies, Roberto Fattal Jaef and Hibret Maemir

10232: An Exploration of Climate-Related Financial Risks for Credit Guarantee Schemes in Europe

Pietro Calice and Jan Reinders

10231: Outlier Detection for Welfare Analysis

Federico Belotti, Giulia Mancini and Giovanni Vecchi

10230: Evening the Credit Score ? Impact of Psychometric Loan Appraisal for Women Entrepreneurs

Aly Salman Alibhai, Rachel Margaret Cassidy, Markus P. Goldstein and Sreelakshmi Papineni

10229: Revisiting Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

David B. Audretsch, Marcio Cruz and Jesica Torres Coronado

10228: Customer Discrimination in the Workplace: Evidence from Online Sales

Erin Munro Kelley, Gregory Lane, Matthew Giovanni Pecenco and Edward Rubin

10227: Latin America’s Growth: Looking through the Demand Glass

Augusto de la Torre and Alain Ize

10226: Cartels in Infrastructure Procurement — Evidence from Lebanon

Mounir Mahmalat and Wassim Maktabi

10225: Spillover Effects of China’s Trade and Growth Shocks on ASEAN countries: Evidence from a GVAR Model

Nazmus Khan

10224: Tracking Methane Emissions by Satellite: A New World Bank Database andCase Study for Irrigated Rice Production

Susmita Dasgupta, Somik V. Lall and David Wheeler

10223: Firm Entry, Exit and Suspension: Evidence from Household Businesses in Vietnam

Ergys Islamaj, Duong Trung Le and Thanh Minh Pham

10222: Rebel Governance and Development: The Persistent Effects of Guerrillas in El Salvador

Antonella Agostina Bandiera, Lelys Ileana Dinarte Diaz, Juan Miguel Jimenez, Sandra Viviana Rozo Villarraga and Maria Micaela Sviatschi

10221: Risks to Child Development and School Readiness among Children under Six in Pakistan: Findings from a Nationally Representative Phone Survey

Elizabeth Lauren Hentschel, Heather B. Tomlinson, Amer Hasan, Aisha Khizar Yousafzai, Amna Ansari, Mahreen Tahir Chowdhry and Mina Zamand

10220: Infrastructure Matters: Complementarities with the Quality of Health Service Delivery in Kenya

Laura Natalia Becerra Luna, Mathilde Sylvie Maria Lebrand, Nino Pkhikidze and Andres Yi Chang

10219: Is International Trade Always Beneficial to Labor Markets ? A Case Study from Egypt

Raymond Robertson, Mexico Alberto Vergara Bahena and Gladys C. Lopez-Acevedo

10218: Learning Losses during COVID-19: Global Estimates of an Invisible and Unequal Crisis

João Pedro Azevedo, Maryam Akmal, Marie-Helene Cloutier, Frederic Rogers and Yi Ning Wong

10217: The True Cost of War

Erhan Artuc, Nicolas Gomez Parra and Harun Onder

10216: Higher Levels of No-Till Agriculture Associated with Lower PM2.5 in the Corn Belt

Arnold Behrer and David Lobell

10215: The Evolution of Maternity and Paternity Leave Policies over Five Decades — A Global Analysis

Marie Caitriona Hyland and Liang Shen

10214: Electoral Cycles and Public Spending during the Pandemic

Michael Lokshin, Aylen Rodriguez Ferrari and Ivan Torre

10213: Exports and Labor Demand: Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data

Claudia N. Berg, Raymond Robertson and Gladys C. Lopez-Acevedo

10212: Radical Climate Policies

Frederick (Rick) van der Ploeg and Anthony Venables

10211: Trade Agreements in South Asia: Towards a Successful Story in the Developing World

Sebastian Franco Bedoya

10210: Impact of High Inflation on Household Livelihoods in Urban South Sudan

Alvin Etang Ndip, Mahunan Thierry Hounsa and Utz Pape

10209: Identifying the Poor — Accounting for Household Economies of Scale in Global Poverty Estimates

Dean Jolliffe and Samuel Kofi Tetteh Baah

10208: Understanding Informality: Comprehensive Business-Level Data and Descriptive Findings

Adam Aberra, Gemechu A. Aga, Filip Jolevski and Nona Karalashvili

10207: Should Electricity Market Designs Be Improved to Drive Decarbonization ?

Debabrata Chattopadhyay and Adam Krzysztof Suski

10206: Job Tenure and Structural Change in the Transition Economies of Europe

Maurizio Bussolo, Michael Lokshin, Nicolás Oviedo and Ivan Torre

10205: Explaining the Evolution of Job Tenure in Europe, 1995–2020

Maurizio Bussolo, Damien Fierre Jean Capelle, Michael Lokshin, Ivan Torre and Hernan Winkler

10204: Toward a Competitive Air Transport Market in Africa: The Role of Bilateral Air Service Agreements Liberalization

Anca Diana Cristea, Megersa Abate and Daniel Alberto Benitez

10203: Central America’s Deindustrialization

Rishabh Sinha

10202: Machine Learning Guided Outlook of Global Food Insecurity Consistent with Macroeconomic Forecasts

Bo Andree

10201: Impacts of Transparent Online Auctions on Public Land Lease Revenue: Evidence from Legal and Administrative Changes in Ukraine

Klaus W. Deininger, Daniel Ayalew Ali and Roman Neyter

10200: Structural Loopholes in Sustainability-Linked Bonds

Imtiaz Ul Haq and Djeneba Doumbia

10199: Using Social Media to Change Gender Norms: An Experiment within Facebook Messenger in India

Dante Donati, Victor Hugo Orozco Olvera and Nandan Mark Rao

10198: The Impact of COVID-19 on Global Inequality and Poverty

Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Nishant Yonzan and Christoph Lakner

10197: Gender Differences in Socio-Emotional Skills and Economic Outcomes: New Evidence from 17 African Countries

Kehinde Ajayi, Smita Das, Clara Anne Delavallade, Tigist Assefa Ketema and Lea Marie Rouanet

10196: Estimating the Impacts of Transport Corridor Development in Kazakhstan: Application of Dynamic Panel Data Models to Firm Registry Data

Atsushi Iimi

10195: The Haves and the Have Nots: Civic Technologies and the Pathways to Government Responsiveness

Jonathan Mellon, Tiago Carneiro Peixoto and Fredrik Matias Sjoberg

10194: The Impact of Protracted Displacement on Syrian Refugees in Jordan: The Evolution of Household Composition and Poverty Rates

Julieth Santamaria, Lucia C. Hanmer and Eliana Carolina Rubiano Matulevich

10193: Caring for Children and Firms? The Impact of Preschool Expansion on Firm Productivity

Massimiliano Calì, Hillary C. Johnson, Elizaveta Perova and Nabil Rizky Ryandiansyah

10192: From Financial Development to Informality: A Causal Link

Salvatore Capasso, Franziska Ohnsorge and Shu Yu

10191: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in 53 Developing Countries: Levels, Trends, and Reasons for Hesitancy

Julia M. Dayton, Ifeanyi Nzegwu Edochie, David Newhouse, Alexandru Cojocaru, Gildas Bopahbe Deudibe, Jakub Jan Kakietek, Yeon Soo Kim and Jose Montes

10190: The Distributional Impact of Taxes and Social Spending in Bhutan: An Application with Limited Income Data

Juan Pablo Baquero, Jia Gao and Yeon Soo Kim

10189: When the Lights Go Out: The Economic Impacts of Covid-19 on Cities Globally

Amjad Khan, Hogeun Park, Mark Roberts and Putu Sanjiwacika Wibisana

10188: The Impact of Paid Maternity Leave on Women’s Employment: Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data from Developing Countries

Mohammad Amin and Asif Islam

10187: Early Education, Preferences, and Decision-Making Abilities

Joana Azevedo E Castro De Cardim, Pedro Manuel Amaro Da Costa Luz Carneiro, Leandro Carvalho and Damien de Walque

10186: Money versus Kudos: The Impact of Incentivizing Local Politicians in India

Ghazala Mansuri, Nethra Palaniswamy, Vijayendra Rao and Slesh Anand Shrestha

10185: Climate Policy and Inequality in Urban Areas: Beyond Incomes

Charlotte Liotta, Paolo Avner, Vincent Viguié, Harris Selod and Stephane Hallegatte

10184: Impacts of COVID-19 on the Income and Mental Well-Being of Cismen, Ciswomen, Transgender, and Non-Binary Individuals: Evidence from the 2020 COVID-19 Disparities Survey

Tanima Ahmed, Toni Joe Lebbos, Sean Howell, Erik Lamontagne and Joshua Seth Wimpey

10183: Missing Information: Why Don’t More Firms Seek Out Business Advice ?

Miriam Bruhn and Caio Piza

10182: Increasing Tax Collection in African Countries: The Role of Information Technology

Oyebola Okunogbe and Fabrizio Santoro

10181: The Role of Green Financial Sector Initiatives in the Low-Carbon Transition: A Theory of Change

Irene Monasterolo, Antoine Mandel, Stefano Battiston, Andrea Mazzocchetti, Klaus Oppermann, Jonathan D'Entremont Coony, Stephen John Stretton, Fiona Elizabeth Stewart and Nepomuk Max Ferdinand Dunz

10180: Return Migration and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from South Asia

Laurent Bossavie and He Wang

10179: Capturing Sensitive Information from Difficult-to-Reach Populations: Evidence from a Novel Internet-Based Survey in Yemen

Sharad Tandon and Tara Vishwanath

10178: Are Subjective Questions on Welfare Appropriate during Crises ? Evidence from the Onset of Conflict in the Republic of Yemen

Sharad Tandon

10177: How Does Violence Force Displacement during Active Conflict ? Evidence from the Republic of Yemen

Anna D'Souza, Eliana Favari, Siddharth Krishnaswamy and Sharad Tandon

10176: Consequences of Forced Displacement in Active Conflict: Evidence from the Republic of Yemen

Anna D'Souza, Eliana Favari, Siddharth Krishnaswamy and Sharad Tandon

10175: Small Area Estimation of Monetary Poverty in Mexico Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning

David Newhouse, Joshua David Merfeld, Anusha Pudugramam Ramakrishnan, Tom Swartz and Partha Lahiri

10174: Is Social Protection a Luxury Good ?

Michael Lokshin, Martin Ravallion and Ivan Torre

10173: Multiple Price Lists for Willingness to Pay Elicitation

B. Kelsey Jack, Kathryn McDermott and Anja Sautmann

10172: Revisiting Poverty Trends and the Role of Social Protection Systems in Africa during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Kibrom A. Abay, Nishant Yonzan, Sikandra Smith Kurdi and Kibrom Tafere

10171: How Accurate Is a Poverty Map Based on Remote Sensing Data ? An Application to Malawi

Roy van der Weide, Brian Blankespoor, Chris Elbers and Peter Lanjouw

10170: Intra-Household Inequality in Food Consumption and Diets in the Philippines

Felipe Fadullon Dizon, Anna Josephson and Zetianyu Wang

10169: Poverty and Violence: The Immediate Impact of Terrorist Attacks against Civilians in Somalia

Gonzalo Nunez-Chaim and Utz Pape

10168: From Necessity to Opportunity: Lessons for Integrating Phone and In-Person Data Collection for Agricultural Statistics in a Post-Pandemic World

Alberto Zezza, Kevin Robert Mcgee, Philip Randolph Wollburg, Thomas Assefa and Sydney Gourlay

10167: How Does the Progressivity of Taxes and Government Transfers Impact People’s Willingness to Pay Tax ? Experimental Evidence across Developing Countries

Christopher Alexander Hoy

10166: Protect Incomes or Protect Jobs ? The Role of Social Policies in Post-Pandemic Recovery

Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Michael Lokshin and Ivan Torre

10165: Inferring COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes from Twitter Data: An Application to the Arabic Speaking World

Roy van der Weide

10164: Massive Modularity: Understanding Industry Organization in the Digital Age — The Case of Mobile Phone Handsets

Eric Thun, Daria Taglioni, Timothy J. Sturgeon and Mark Peter Dallas

10163: A Model of Amazon Deforestation, Trade and Labor Market Dynamics

Charly Jason Gaby Porcher and Marek Hanusch

10162: A Macroeconomic Perspective of Structural Deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon

Joaquim Bento De Souza Ferreira Filho and Marek Hanusch

10161: Do Index Insurance Programs Live Up to Their Promises ? Aggregating Evidence from Multiple Experiments

Pauline Castaing and Jules Gazeaud

10160: Healthy and Sustainable Diets in Bangladesh

Divya Mehra, Junying Tong, Felipe Fadullon Dizon and Saskia De Pee

10159: Bribery, Plant Size and Size Dependent Distortions

M Nazim Tamkoc

10158: Informal Emissions

Constantin Bürgi, Shoghik Hovhannisyan, Santosh Ram Joshi and Ahmad Famm Alkhuzam

10157: The Social Costs of Sovereign Default

Juan Farah-Yacoub, Clemens Mathis Henrik Graf Von Luckner, Rita Ramalho and Carmen Reinhart

10156: Overland Transport Costs: A Review

Ahmet Kerem Cosar

10155: The Social Tax: Redistributive Pressure and Labor Supply

Eliana Carranza, Aletheia Donald, Florian Grosset-Touba and Supreet Kaur

10154: The Local Economic Effects of Natural Resources: Evidence from Ghana

Josephine Ofori Adofo, Nori Tarui and Tomomi Tanaka

10153: The Impact of Gas Flaring on Child Health in Nigeria

Omoniyi Babatunde Alimi and John Gibson

10152: Turning COVID-19 Vaccines into Vaccinations: New Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Philip Randolph Wollburg, Yannick Markhof, Shelton Sofiel Elisa Kanyanda and Alberto Zezza

10151: How Regulation and Enforcement of Competition Affects ICT Productivity: Evidence from Matched Regulatory-Production Surveys in Peru’s ICT Sector

Tanida Arayavechkit, Charl Jooste and Ana Francisca Urrutia Arrieta

10150: Good Enough for Outstanding Growth: The Experience of Bangladesh in Comparative Perspective

Robert Beyer and Konstantin Wacker

10149: The Analysis of Inequality in the Bretton Woods Institutions

Francisco Ferreira

10148: Property Tax Compliance in Tanzania: Can Nudges Help ?

Matthew Collin, Vincenzo Di Maro, David Evans and Frederik Manang

10147: Recovering Income Distribution in the Presence of Interval-Censored Data

Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza, Fernando Rios Avila and Flavia Giannina Sacco Capurro

10146: Can Information and Alternatives to Irregular Migration Reduce “Backway” Migration from The Gambia ?

Tijan L Bah, Catia Batista, Flore Gubert and David McKenzie

10145: The Macroeconomic Effects of Macroprudential Policy: Evidence from a Narrative Approach

Luis Diego Rojas Alvarado, Carlos Vegh and Guillermo Vuletin