Policy Research Working Paper Series

From The World Bank
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9442: Do Innovative Firms Pay Higher Wages?: Micro-Level Evidence from Brazil

Xavier Cirera and Antonio Neto

9441: Why Do Firms Pay Bribes?: Evidence on the Demand and Supply Sides of Corruption in Developing Countries

Bernard P. Gauthier, Jonathan Goyette and Wilfried Anicet Kouakou Kouame

9440: An Analysis of Clinical Knowledge, Absenteeism, and Availability of Resources for Maternal andChild Health: A Cross-Sectional Quality of Care Study in 10 African Countries

Laura Di Giorgio, David Evans, Magnus Lindelow, Son Nam Nguyen, Jakob Svensson, Waly Wane and Anna Welander Tarneberg

9439: Africa in Manufacturing Global Value Chains: Cross-Country Patterns in the Dynamics of Linkages

Kaleb Girma Abreha, Emmanuel Lartey, Taye Mengistae, Solomon Owusu and Albert G. Zeufack

9438: Risk Management in Border Inspection

Russell Henry Hillberry, Bilgehan Karabay and Shawn Tan

9437: The Impact of COVID-19 on Formal Firms: Micro Tax Data Simulations across Countries

Pierre Jean Bachas, Anne Brockmeyer and Camille Marine Semelet

9436: Impact of Grain Trade Policies on Prices and Welfare: Evidence from Malawi

Habtamu Neda Fuje and Hemant Pullabhotla

9435: Vulnerability to Poverty Following Extreme Weather Events in Malawi

Sandra Baquie and Habtamu Neda Fuje

9434: Unmasking the Impact of COVID-19 on Businesses: Firm Level Evidence from Across the World

Marie Christine Apedo Amah, Besart Avdiu, Xavier Cirera, Marcio Cruz, Elwyn Adriaan Robin Davies, Arti Goswami Grover, Leonardo Iacovone, Umut Kilinc, Denis Medvedev, Franklin Okechukwu Maduko, Stavros Poupakis, Jesica Torres Coronado and Trang Thu Tran

9433: In Search of Better Opportunities: Sorting and Agglomeration Effects among Young College Graduates in Colombia

Marigee Bacolod, Jorge De la Roca and Maria Marta Ferreyra

9432: Exporting and Female Labor Market Outcomes in Georgia

Claire Honore Hollweg and Anne Beline Chua Ong Lopez

9431: In It to Win It ? Self-Esteem and Income-Earning among Couples

Ioana Alexandra Botea, Aletheia Donald and Léa Rouanet

9430: The Scars of Civil War: The Long-Term Welfare Effects of the Salvadoran Armed Conflict

Pablo Acosta, Javier Baez, German Caruso and Carlos Carcach

9429: Global Technology for Local Monitoring of Air Pollution in Dhaka

Susmita Dasgupta, M. Khaliquzzaman and David R. Wheeler

9428: Raising College Access and Completion: How Much Can Free College Help ?

Maria Marta Ferreyra, Carlos Garriga, Juan David Martin and Angelica Maria Sanchez Diaz

9427: Child Care Markets, Parental Labor Supply, and Child Development

Samuel Berlinski, Maria Marta Ferreyra, Luca Flabbi and Juan David Martin

9426: Market Access and Development of the ICT Sector in the West Bank

Chiara Fratto and Elisa Giannone

9425: The Voice of Foreign Direct Investment: Foreign Investor Policy Preferences and Experiences inDeveloping Countries

Abhishek Saurav and Ryan Chia Kuo

9424: Estimating the Contribution of Short-Cycle Programs to Student Outcomes in Colombia

Maria Marta Ferreyra, Andrea Franco Hernandez, Tatiana Melguizo and Angelica Maria Sanchez Diaz

9423: How Do Small Formal and Informal Firms in the Arab Republic of Egypt Compare ?

Caroline Krafft, Ragui A. Assaad, Khandker Wahedur Rahman and Maakwe Cumanzala

9422: Inflation Targeting in India: An Interim Assessment

Barry Eichengreen, Poonam-000193453 Gupta and Rishabh Choudhary

9421: Transportation and the Environment: A Review of Empirical Literature

Shanjun Li, Jianwei Xing, Lin Yang and Fan Zhang

9420: Secondary Schools and Teenage Childbearing: Evidence from the School Expansion in Brazilian Municipalities

Martin Foureaux Koppensteiner and Jesse Matheson

9419: Modeling and Predicting the Spread of Covid-19: Comparative Results for the United States, thePhilippines, and South Africa

Susmita Dasgupta and David R. Wheeler

9418: Life Expectancy at Birth and Lifetime Education and Earnings

Mohammad Mainul Hoque, Elizabeth King, Claudio Montenegro and Peter Orazem

9417: Revised Estimates of the Impact of Climate Change on Extreme Poverty by 2030

Bramka Arga Jafino, Brian James Walsh, Julie Rozenberg and Stephane Hallegatte

9416: Perceptions, Contagion, and Civil Unrest

Christophe Abi-Nassif, Asif Islam and Daniel Lederman

9415: Estimating the Demand for Business Training: Evidence from Jamaica

Alessandro Maffioli, David McKenzie and Diego Ubfal

9414: Small and Medium Enterprises in the Pandemic: Impact, Responses and the Role of Development Finance

Ikmal Adian, Djeneba Doumbia, Neil Gregory, Alexandros Ragoussis, Aarti Reddy and Jonathan David Timmis

9413: Stochastic Modeling of Food Insecurity

Dieter Wang, Bo Andree, Andres Fernando Chamorro Elizondo and Phoebe Girouard Spencer

9412: Predicting Food Crises

Bo Andree, Andres Fernando Chamorro Elizondo, Aart C. Kraay, Phoebe Girouard Spencer and Dieter Wang

9411: Implications of Major Adverse Events on Productivity

Alistair Dieppe, Sinem Kilic Celik and Cedric Iltis Finafa Okou

9410: Gender Bias in Agricultural Child Labor: Evidence from Survey Design Experiments

Jose Galdo, Ana Dammert and Degnet Abebaw Ejigie

9409: The Role of Inequality for Poverty Reduction

Katy Bergstrom

9408: Small Business Training to Improve Management Practices in Developing Countries: Reassessingthe Evidence for 'Training Doesn’t Work'

David McKenzie

9407: Urban Design, Public Spaces, and Social Cohesion: Evidence from a Virtual Reality Experiment

Jimena Llopis Abella, Anna Fruttero, Emcet Tas and Umar Taj

9406: When Goal-Setting Forges Ahead but Stops Short

Asad Islam, Sungoh Kwon, Eema Masood, Nishith Prakash, Shwetlena Sabarwal and Deepak Saraswat

9405: Inflation Threshold Levels and Economic Growth in the Franc Zone Countries

Dimitri Sanga and Steve Gui-Diby

9404: Long-Term Effects of Free Primary Education on Educational Achievement: Evidence from Lesotho

Ramaele Moshoeshoe

9403: Implications of Cheap Oil for Emerging Markets

Alain Kabundi and Franziska Ohnsorge

9402: Designing Oil Revenue Management Mechanisms: An Application to Chad

Benoît Campagne, Markus Kitzmuller and Silvana Tordo

9401: Sovereign Credit Ratings, Relative Risk Ratings, and Private Capital Flows

Supriyo De, Sanket Mohapatra and Dilip Ratha

9400: One Rule Fits All ? Heterogeneous Fiscal Rules for Commodity Exporters When Price Shocks Can BePersistent: Theory and Evidence

Arthur Galego Mendes and Steven Michael Pennings

9399: Determinants of Property Tax Revenue: Lessons from Empirical Analysis

Rajul Awasthi, Tuan Minh Le and Chenli You

9398: A Structural Model of the Labor Market to Understand Gender Gaps among Marginalized Roma Communities

Mauricio Salazar-Saenz and Monica Robayo-Abril

9397: The Energy-Management Nexus in Firms: Which Practices Matter, How Much and for Whom ?

Arti Goswami Grover and Valerie Jean Karplus

9396: Child Stature, Maternal Education, and Early Childhood Development

Emmanuel Skoufias and Katja Vinha

9395: Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools

Clare Leaver, Owen Ozier, Pieter Maria Serneels and Andrew Zeitlin

9394: Growth of Global Corporate Debt: Main Facts and Policy Challenges

Facundo Abraham, Juan Jose Cortina Lorente and Sergio Schmukler

9393: Cross-Border Banking in EMDEs: Trends, Scale, and Policy Implications

Erik H.B. Feyen, Norbert Fiess, Ata Bertay and Igor Esteban Zuccardi Huertas

9392: Bank Lending Rates and Spreads in EMDEs: Evolution, Drivers, and Policies

Erik H.B. Feyen and Igor Esteban Zuccardi Huertas

9391: Making Gravity Great Again

Will Martin

9390: On the Quantity and Quality of Girls: Fertility, Parental Investments, and Mortality

S Anukriti, Sonia Bhalotra and Hiu Tam

9389: What is the Impact of Weather Shocks on Prices?: Evidence from Ethiopia

Ruth Hill and Habtamu Neda Fuje

9388: How Useful is CPI Price Data for Spatial Price Adjustment in Poverty Measurement?: A Case from Ghana

Xiaomeng Chen, Rose Mungai, Shohei Nakamura, Thomas Patrick Pearson, Ayago Esmubancha Wambile and Nobuo Yoshida

9387: Returns to Education in the Russian Federation: Some New Estimates

Ekaterina Melianova, Suhas D. Parandekar, Harry Patrinos and Artem Volgin

9386: Broadband Internet and Household Welfare in Senegal

Takaaki Masaki, Rogelio Granguillhome Ochoa and Carlos Rodriguez Castelan

9385: Mining and the Quality of Public Services: The Role of Local Governance and Decentralization

Maty Konte and Rose Vincent

9384: How Did Africa's Prospective Petroleum Producers Fall Victim to the Presource Curse ?

David Mihalyi and Thomas Scurfield

9383: Small Area Estimation of Non-Monetary Poverty with Geospatial Data

Takaaki Masaki, David Newhouse, Ani Rudra Silwal, Adane Bedada and Ryan Engstrom

9382: Teacher Performance-Based Incentives and Learning Inequality

Deon Filmer, James Paul Habyarimana and Shwetlena Sabarwal

9381: Educator Knowledge of Early Childhood Development: Evidence from Eastern Nepal

Lindsey Buck, Nathan V. Fiala, Nishith Prakash, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Deepak Saraswat and Deepika Shrestha

9380: Talent Allocation and Post-Reform Growth in Central America

Rishabh Sinha

9379: Which Firms Benefit from Corporate QE during the COVID-19 Crisis ? The Case of the ECB's Pandemic Emergency Purchase Program

Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Balint Laszlo Horvath and Harry Huizinga

9378: Productivity Convergence: Is Anyone Catching Up?

Gene Kindberg-Hanlon and Cedric Iltis Finafa Okou

9377: Violence and Newborn Health: Estimates for Colombia

Laura Rodriguez Takeuchi

9376: The Effects of Land Title Registration on Tenure Security, Investment and the Allocation of Productive Resources: Evidence from Ghana

Andrew Agyei-Holmes, Niklas Buehren, Markus Goldstein, Robert Osei, Isaac Osei-Akoto and Christopher Udry

9375: The Utilization-adjusted Human Capital Index (UHCI)

Steven Michael Pennings

9374: The Oil Nouveau-Riche and Arms Imports

Pierre-Louis Vézina

9373: The Seasonality of Conflict

Jenny Guardado and Steven Michael Pennings

9372: Natural Resource Discoveries, Citizen Expectations and Household Decisions

James Cust and Justice Tei Mensah

9371: Supporting Teacher Autonomy to Improve Education Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Brazil

Caio Piza, Astrid Maria Theresia Zwager, Matteo Ruzzante, Rafael Santos Dantas and Andre Loureiro

9370: Who Is Employed ? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa on Redefining Employment

Isis Gaddis, Gbemisola Oseni, Amparo Palacios-Lopez and Janneke Pieters

9369: An Optimal Rice Policy for Sierra Leone: Balancing Consumer and Producer Welfare

Errol George Graham, Hardwick Tchale and Mamadou Ndione

9368: Behavioral Change Promotion, Cash Transfers and Early Childhood Development: Experimental Evidence from a Government Program in a Low-Income Setting

Patrick Premand and Oumar Barry

9367: Autonomy and Specificity in Agricultural Technology Adoption: Evidence from Mexico

Carolina Corral, Xavier Gine, Aprajit Mahajan and Enrique Seira

9366: Long-run Returns to Impact Investing in Emerging Market and Developing Economies

Shawn Allen Cole, Martin Melecký, Florian Molders and Tristan Reed

9365: Identifying Effective Teachers: Lessons from Four Classroom Observation Tools

Deon Filmer, Ezequiel Molina and Waly Wane

9364: Multinational Corporation Affiliates, Backward Linkages, and Productivity Spillovers in Developing and Emerging Economies: Evidence and Policy Making

Jacob Jordaan, Willem Douw and Zhenwei Qiang

9363: Banking Sector Performance During the COVID-19 Crisis

Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Alvaro Pedraza and Claudia Ruiz Ortega

9362: Evaluating the Impact of Export Finance Support on Firm-Level Export Performance: Evidence from Pakistan

Fabrice Defever, Alejandro Riano and Gonzalo Varela

9361: The Impact of Employer Discrimination on Female Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Tunisia

Jumana Jamal Subhi Alaref, Samira Nikaein Towfighian, Gustavo Nicolas Paez Salamanca and Mohammed Thabet M Audah

9360: Low-Cost Private Schools in Tanzania: A Descriptive Analysis

Shwetlena Sabarwal, Celeste Sununtnasuk and Deepika Ramachandran

9359: The Role of Government in the Market for Electric Vehicles: Evidence from China

Shanjun Li, Xianglei Zhu, Yiding Ma, Fan Zhang and Hui Zhou

9358: Are Teachers in Africa Poorly Paid?: Evidence from 15 Countries

David Evans, Fei Yuan and Deon Filmer

9357: Ex-ante Evaluation of the Impact of Increases in Minimum Wages on Labor Market Outcomes in Kosovo

Monica Robayo-Abril, Anastasia Terskaya and Stefanie Koettl-Brodmann

9356: Reacting Quickly and Protecting Jobs: The Short-Term Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Greek Labor Market

Gordon Betcherman, Nicholas Giannakopoulos, Ioannis Laliotis, Ioanna Pantelaiou, Mauro Testaverde and Giannis Tzimas

9355: Mama Knows (and Does) Best: Maternal Schooling Opportunities and Child Development in Indonesia

Amer Hasan, Nozomi Nakajima and Marcos A. Rangel

9354: Borrowing to Keep Up (with the Joneses): Inequality, Debt, and Conspicuous Consumption

Sheheryar Banuri and Ha Nguyen

9353: Slow Rockets and Fast Feathers or the Link between Exchange Rates and Exports: A Case Study for Pakistan

Martín Brun, Juan Pedro Gambetta and Gonzalo Varela

9352: Coastal Development between Opportunity and Disaster Risk: A Multisectoral Risk Assessment for Vietnam

Johannes Michael Braese, Sophie Anne De Vries Robbe and Jun Erik Maruyama Rentschler

9351: Coastal Development between Opportunity and Disaster Risk: An Assessment of the Coastal Protection System in Vietnam

Mathijs van Ledden, Tran Thanh Tung, Dzung Huy Nguyen and Long Thanh Nguyen

9350: Political Reservation and Female Labor Force Participation in Rural India

Klaus Deininger, Songqing Jin, Hari Krishnan Nagarajan and Sudhir K. Singh

9349: Internationally Linked Firms, Integration Reforms and Productivity: Evidence from Pakistan

Stefania Lovo and Gonzalo Varela

9348: Hide and Protect: A Role of Global Financial Secrecy in Shaping Domestic Institutions

Gulnaz Sharafutdinova and Michael Lokshin

9347: Who on Earth Can Work from Home ?

Daniel Garrote Sanchez, Nicolas Gomez Parra, Caglar Ozden, Bob Rijkers, Mariana Viollaz and Hernan Winkler

9346: Invitations, Incentives, and Conditions: A Randomized Evaluation of Demand-Side Interventions for Health Screenings in Armenia

Damien de Walque, Adanna Deborah Ugochi Chukwuma, Nono Akpedje Ayivi Guedehoussou and Marianna Koshkakaryan

9345: Job Search and Hiring with Two-Sided Limited Information about Workseekers' Skills

Eliana Carranza, Robert Garlick, Kate Orkin and Neil Rankin

9344: Expansionary Fiscal Austerity: New International Evidence

Owen Nie

9343: The Information Content of Capital Controls

Owen Nie