Policy Research Working Paper Series

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3207: The limits to competition in urban bus services in developing countries

Antonio Estache and Andres Gomez-Lobo

3206: On the geography of trade: distance is alive and well

Celine Carrere and Maurice Schiff

3205: Poor people's knowledge: helping poor people to earn from their knowledge

Joseph Finger

3204: The determinants of financing obstacles

Thorsten Beck, Luc Laeven and Vojislav Maksimovic

3203: Financial development, growth, and poverty: how close are the links?

Patrick Honohan

3202: Governance and bank valuation

Gerard Caprio, Luc Laeven and Ross Levine

3201: A literature review on the use of expert opinion in probabilistic risk analysis

Fumika Ouchi

3200: When is external debt sustainable?

Aart Kraay and Vikram Nehru

3199: On the measurement of solvency of insurance companies: recent developments that will alter methodsadopted in emerging markets

Craig Thorburn

3198: Market access for sale: Latin America's lobbying for U.S. tariff preferences

Hiau Looi Kee, Marcelo Olarreaga and Peri Silva

3197: Building and running general equilibrium models in EViews

Essama-Nssah

3196: Technological asymmetry among foreign investors and mode of entry

Beata Javorcik and Kamal Saggi

3195: Government procurement: Market access, transparency, and multilateral trade rules

Simon Evenett and Bernard Hoekman

3194: Law and firms'access to finance

Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Ross Levine

3193: Quantifying the impact of services liberalization in a developing country

Denise Konan and Keith Maskus

3192: Greenfield foreign direct investment and mergers and acquisitions - feedback and macroeconomic effects

Cesar Calderon, Norman Loayza and Luis Serven

3191: Robustness of subjective welfare analysis in a poor developing country - Madagascar 2001

Michael Lokshin, Nithin Umapathi and Stefano Paternostro

3190: On the quantity and quality of knowledge - the impact of openness and foreign research and development on North-North and North-South technology spillovers

Maurice Schiff and Yanling Wang

3189: Do market pressures induce economic efficiency ? The case of Slovenian manufacturing, 1994-2001

Peter Orazem and Milan Vodopivec

3188: Trading market access for competition policy enforcement

Bernard Hoekman and Kamal Saggi

3187: To serve the community or oneself - the public servant's dilemma

Abigail Barr, Magnus Lindelow and Pieter Serneels

3186: Donor fragmentation and bureaucratic quality in aid recipients

Stephen Knack and Aminur Rahman

3185: Does infrastructure reform work for the poor? A case study from Guatemala

Vivien Foster and M. Caridad Araujo

3184: Volatility and growth

Viktoria Hnatkovska and Norman Loayza

3183: Conflicts of interest in self-regulation: can demutualized exchanges successfully manage them?

John W. Carson

3182: The International Finance Corporation's MBA survey: how developing country firms rate local business school training

Azam Chaudhry

3181: Temporary sequestration credits: an instrument for carbon bears

Kenneth M. Chomitz and Franck Lecocq

3180: Equitable provision of long-term public goods: the role of negotiation mandates

Franck Lecocq and Jean-Charles Hourcade

3179: International migration, remittances, and poverty in developing countries

Richard Adams and John Page

3178: Small and medium enterprises, growth, and poverty: cross-country evidence

Thorsten Beck and Ross Levine

3177: Does infrastructure reform work for the poor? A case study on the cities of La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia

Vivien Foster and Osvaldo Irusta

3176: Location decisions and nongovernmental organization motivation: evidence from rural Bangladesh

Anna Fruttero and Varun Gauri

3175: The use of"asset swaps"by institutional investors in South Africa

Dimitri Vittas

3174: Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunities in Brazil

François Bourguignon, Francisco Ferreira and Marta Menéndez

3173: Distributional effects of crises: the role of financial transfers

Marina Halac and Sergio Schmukler

3172: Supply-side school improvement and the learning achievement of the poorest children in indigenous and rural schools - the case of PARE

Vicente Paqueo and Gladys Lopez-Acevedo

3171: On the use of transparent formulae to allocate federal education transfers

Vicente Paqueo, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo and Suhas Parandekar

3170: Direct support to private firms - evidence on effectiveness

Geeta Batra and Syed Mahmood

3169: Is inequality in Africa really different ?

Branko Milanovic

3168: Banking in developing countries in the 1990s

James A. Hanson

3167: Combining insurance, contingent debt, and self-retention in an optimal corporate risk financing strategy

Eugene Gurenko and Olivier Mahul

3166: In measuring aggregate"social efficiency"

Martin Ravallion

3165: Social protection in a crisis - Argentina's Plan Jefes y Jefas

Emanuela Galasso and Martin Ravallion

3164: Democracy, public expenditures, and the poor

Philip Keefer and Stuti Khemani

3163: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: The role of infrastructure

Marianne Fay, Danny Leipziger, Quentin Wodon and Tito Yepes

3162: The political economy of public spending on education, inequality, and growth

Mark Gradstein

3161: Liquidity needs and vulnerability to financial udnerdevelopment

Claudio Raddatz

3160: Monetary policy and sectoral shocks: did the Federal Reserve react properly to the high-tech crisis?

Claudio Raddatz and Roberto Rigobon

3159: Does judicial efficiency lower the cost of credit

Luc Laeven and Giovanni Majnoni

3158: Restoring economic growth in Argentina

William Cline

3157: On the utility consistency of poverty lines

Martin Ravallion and Michael Lokshin

3156: Tariff evasion and customs corruption: does pre-shipment inspection help?

Olivier Cadot, José Ansón and Marcelo Olarreaga

3155: Evaluating the impact of infrastructure rehabilitation projects on household welfare in rural Georgia

Michael Lokshin and Ruslan Yemtsov

3154: The twin effects of globalization

Francesco Daveri, Paolo Manasse and Danilo Serra

3153: Gender and poverty: a life cycle approach to the analysis of the differences in gender outcomes

Michael Lokshin and Thomas Mroz

3152: The long-run economic costs of AIDS: theory and an application to South Africa

Clive Bell, Shantayanan Devarajan and Hans Gersbach

3151: A multi-output cost function for port terminals: some guidelines for regulation

Lourdes Trujillo, Sergio Jara-Diaz and Beatriz Tovar

3150: Income-related biases in international trade: what do trademark registration data tell us?

Carsten Fink, Beata Javorcik and Mariana Spatareanu

3149: Rules of thumb for evaluating preferential trading arrangements: evidence from computable general equilibrium assessments

Glenn Harrison, Thomas Rutherford and David Tarr

3148: Gender wage differentials in Brazil: trends over a turbulent era

Reza (Gholamreza) Arabsheibani, Francisco Carneiro and Andrew Henley

3147: Human capital and earnings inequality in Brazil, 1988-98: quantile regression evidence

Reza (Gholamreza) Arabsheibani, Francisco Carneiro and Andrew Henley

3146: The price of inconvertible deposits - the stock market boom during the Argentine crisis

Eduardo Levy Yeyati, Sergio Schmukler and Neeltje Van Horen

3145: Alternative paths to structural adjustment in Uzbekistan in a three-gap framework

Thilakaratna Ranaweera

3144: Market disequilibria and inflation in Uzbekistan, 1994-2000

Thilak Ranaweera

3143: Who benefits from labor market regulations? Chile 1960-1998

Claudio Montenegro and Carmen Pages

3142: Credit reporting and financing constraints

Inessa Love and Nataliya Mylenko

3141: Poverty in India during the1990s - a regional perspective

Yoko Kijima and Peter Lanjouw

3140: Raising the quality of secondary education in East Asia

Kaoru Nabeshima

3139: Contracting models of the Phillips curve - empirical estimates for Middle-income countries

Pierre-Richard Agénor and Nihal Bayraktar

3138: Fiscal federalism and regional growth: evidence from the Russian Federation in the 1990s

Raj Desai, Lev Freinkman and Itzhak Goldberg

3137: Using survey data to assess the distributional effects of trade policy

Guido Porto

3136: Legal institutions and financial development

Thorsten Beck and Ross Levine

3135: Trade reforms, market access, and poverty in Argentina

Guido Porto

3134: Institutional reform and the judiciary: which way forward?

Roumeen Islam

3133: Emerging trends in WTO dispute settlement: back to the GATT?

Peter Holmes, Jim Rollo and Alasdair R. Young

3132: Regional integration and technology diffusion: the case of the North America free trade agreement

Maurice Schiff and Yanling Wang

3131: Social sector expenditures and rainy-day funds

Christian Y. Gonzalez and Vicente Paqueo

3130: The role of advocacy in competition policy: the case of the Argentine gasoline market

Tomas Serebrisky

3129: Price caps, efficiency payoffs, and infrastructure contract renegotiation in Latin America

Antonio Estache, Jose-Luis Guasch and Lourdes Trujillo

3128: Child growth, shocks, and food aid in rural Ethiopia

Takashi Yamano, Harold Alderman and Luc Christiaensen

3127: Small and medium enterprises across the globe: a new database

Meghana Ayyagari, Thorsten Beck and Asli Demirguc-Kunt

3126: Public disclosure of environmental violations in the Republic of Korea

Jong Ho Long, Benoit Laplante and Craig Meisner

3125: Economic analysis of health care utilization and perceived illness; ethnicity and other factors

Vicente Paqueo and Christian Y. Gonzalez

3124: The impact of structural reforms on poverty: a simple methodology with extensions

Neil McCulloch

3123: Production and cost functions and their application to the port sector: a literature survey

Beatrice Tovar, Sergio Jara-Diaz and Lourdes Trujillo

3122: Individual attitudes toward corruption: do social effects matter?

Roberta Gatti, Stefano Paternostro and Iamele Rigolini

3121: Do bilateral investment treaties attract foreign direct investment? Only a bit - and they could bite

Mary Hallward-Driemeier

3120: Land rights and economic development: evidence from Vietnam

Quy-Toan Do and Lakshmi Iyer

3119: Evaluating the impact of conditional cash transfer programs: lessons from Latin America

Laura B. Rawlings and Gloria M. Rubio

3118: To share or not to share: does local participation matter for spillovers from foreign direct investment?

Beata Javorcik and Mariana Spatareanu

3117: Policy research on migration and development

David P. Ellerman

3116: Dollarization of the banking system: good or bad?

Gianni De Nicolo, Patrick Honohan and Alain Ize

3115: Integrating housing wealth into the social safety net: the elderly in Moscow

Robert Buckley, Kim Cartwright, Raymond Struyk and Edward Szymanoski

3114: The dynamics of foreign bank ownership - evidence from Hungary

Giovanni Majnoni, Rashmi Shankar and Eva Varhegyi

3113: What drives bank competition? some international evidence

Stijn Claessens and Luc Laeven

3112: On the timing of marriage, cattle, and weather shocks in rural Zimbabwe

Johannes Hoogeveen, Bas van der Klaauw and Gijsbert Van Lomwel

3111: International trade and wage discrimination: evidence from East Asia

Günseli Berik, Yana Rodgers and Joseph Zveglich

3110: Governance of public pension funds: lessons from corporate governance and international evidence

David Hess and Gregorio Impavido

3109: The impact of China's WTO accession on East Asia

Elena Ianchovichina and Terrie Walmsley

3108: Stabilization and association process in the Banlkans: integration options and their assessment

Bartlomiej Kaminski and Manuel de la Rocha