Policy Research Working Paper Series

From The World Bank
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9271: Power to the Fiscal ? An Exploration of the Use of Credit Ratings to Estimate the Expected Cost of a Guarantee of a Power-Purchase Agreement

Cigdem Aslan and Tim Irwin

9270: The Important Role of Equivalence Scales: Household Size, Composition, and Poverty Dynamics in the Russian Federation

Kseniya Abanokova, Hai-Anh Dang and Michael Lokshin

9269: Demand for Safe Spaces: Avoiding Harassment and Stigma

Florence Kondylis, Arianna Legovini, Kate Vyborny, Astrid Maria Theresia Zwager and Luiza Cardoso De Andrade

9268: Winners and Losers from COVID-19: Global Evidence from Google Search

Kibrom Abay, Kibrom Tafere and Andinet Woldemichael

9267: Informality, Consumption Taxes and Redistribution

Pierre Jean Bachas, Lucie Gadenne and Anders Jensen

9266: Job Creation and Demand for Skills in Kosovo: What Can We Learn from Job Portal Data?

Calogero Brancatelli, Alicia Charlene Marguerie and Stefanie Koettl-Brodmann

9265: The Evolution of Services Trade Policy Since the Great Recession

Ingo Borchert, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Juan A. Marchetti and Aaditya Mattoo

9264: Applied Services Trade Policy: A Guide to the Services Trade Policy Database and the Services Trade Restrictions Index

Ingo Borchert, Batshur Gootiiz, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Juan A. Marchetti, Aaditya Mattoo, Ester Rubio and Evgeniia Shannon

9263: Measuring Employment: Experimental Evidence from Urban Ghana

Rachel Heath, Ghazala Mansuri, Bob Rijkers, William Hutchins Seitz and Dhiraj Sharma

9262: Analyzing Flooding Impacts on Rural Access to Hospitals and Other Critical Services in Rural Cambodia Using Geo-Spatial Information and Network Analysis

Xavier Espinet Alegre, Zuzana Stanton-Geddes and Sadig Aliyev

9261: The Transformative Effects of Privatization in China: A Natural Experiment Based on Politician Career Concern

Zhangkai Huang, Jinyu Liu, Guangrong Ma and Lixin Xu

9260: COVID-19 Mortality in Rich and Poor Countries: A Tale of Two Pandemics ?

Philip Schellekens and Diego M. Sourrouille

9259: Measuring Monetary Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Data Gaps and Different Options to Address Them

Aziz Atamanov, Sharad Tandon, Gladys C. Lopez-Acevedo and Mexico Alberto Vergara Bahena

9258: Infrastructure, Economic Growth, and Poverty: A Review

Govinda Timilsina, Gal Hochman and Ze Song

9257: The Sooner, the Better: The Early Economic Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Michael Lokshin and Iván Torre

9256: Pull Your Small Area Estimates up by the Bootstraps

Paul Corral Rodas, Isabel Molina and Minh Nguyen

9255: The Insights and Illusions of Consumption Measurements

Erich Battistin, Michele De Nadai and Nandini Krishnan

9254: Does Better Information Curb Customs Fraud?

Cyril Romain Chalendard, Alice Duhaut, Ana Fernandes, Aaditya Mattoo, Gaël Raballand and Bob Rijkers

9253: Covid-19 and Food Protectionism: The Impact of the Pandemic and Export Restrictions on World Food Markets

Alvaro Espitia, Nadia Rocha and Michele Ruta

9252: Remote-learning, Time-Use, and Mental Health of Ecuadorian High-School Studentsduring the COVID-19 Quarantine

Igor Asanov, Francisco Flores, David McKenzie, Mona Mensmann and Mathis Schulte

9251: Transformational Climate Finance: Donors' Willingness to Support Deep and Transformational Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions in Lower-Income Countries

Jon Strand

9250: Gender Bias and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from China and India

M. Shahe Emran, Hanchen Jiang and Forhad Shilpi

9249: A Multiple-Arm, Cluster-Randomized Impact Evaluation of the Clean India (Swachh Bharat) Mission Program in Rural Punjab, India

Luis Andres, Saubhik Deb, George Joseph, Marna Isabel Larenas and Jonathan Grabinsky Zabludovsky

9248: Locking Crops to Unlock Investment: Experimental Evidence on Warrantage in Burkina Faso

Clara Delavallade and Susan Godlonton

9247: Nowcasting Economic Activity in Times of COVID-19: An Approximation from the Google Community Mobility Report

James Sampi and Charl Jooste

9246: Lost Wages: The COVID-19 Cost of School Closures

George Psacharopoulos, Victoria Collis, Harry Patrinos and Emiliana Vegas

9245: Study of the Distributional Performance of Piped Water Consumption Subsidies in 10 Developing Countries

Laura Abramovsky, Luis Andres, George Joseph, Juan Pablo Rud, German Eduardo Sember and Michael David Thibert

9244: Cross-Region Transfers in a Monetary Union: Evidence from the US and Some Implications

Steven Michael Pennings

9243: Early-Life Access to a Basic Health Care Program and Adult Outcomes in Indonesia

Md Nazmul Ahsan, Rakesh Banerjee and Riddhi Maharaj

9242: Determinants of Social Distancing and Economic Activity during COVID-19: A Global View

William Maloney and Temel Taskin

9241: Jobs' Amenability to Working from Home: Evidence from Skills Surveys for 53 Countries

Maho Hatayama, Mariana Viollaz and Hernan Winkler

9240: When Face-to-Face Interactions Become an Occupational Hazard: Jobs in the Time of COVID-19

Besart Avdiu and Gaurav Nayyar

9239: Survival of Firms during Economic Crisis

Erica Bosio, Simeon Djankov, Filip Jolevski and Rita Ramalho

9238: Once NEET, Always NEET ? A Synthetic Panel Approach to Analyze the Moroccan Labor Market

Federica Alfani, Fabio Clementi, Michele Fabiani, Vasco Molini and Enzo Valentini

9237: Migration and Asset Accumulation in South India: Comparing Gains to Internal and International Migration from Kerala

Ganesh Kumar Seshan

9236: Financing Firms in Hibernation during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Tatiana Didier, Federico Huneeus, Mauricio Larrain and Sergio Schmukler

9235: Welfare and Fiscal Implications from Increased Gasoline Prices in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Aziz Atamanov, Mohammadhadi Mostafavi Dehzooei and Matthew Grant Wai-Poi

9234: Trade Facilitation in Services: Concepts and Empirical Importance

Erik van der Marel and Ben Shepherd

9233: Trade Facilitation in Services: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis

Ian John Douglas Gillson, Martin Molinuevo and Juan Sebastian Saez

9232: Cabinet Size and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa

Joachim Hans-Georg Wehner and Linnea Cecilia Mills

9231: Welfare Dynamics in India over a Quarter Century: Poverty, Vulnerability, and Mobility during 1987-2012

Hai-Anh Dang and Peter Lanjouw

9230: The Welfare Effects of Mobile Broadband Internet: Evidence from Nigeria

Kalvin Bahia, Pau Castells, Genaro Cruz, Takaaki Masaki, Xavier Pedros, Tobias Pfutze, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan and Hernan Winkler

9229: Investment Facilitation and Mode 3 Trade in Services: Are Current Discussions Addressing the Key Issues ?

Roberto Echandi and Pierre Sauve

9228: Facilitating Trade in Services

Bernard Hoekman

9227: Liberalizing versus Facilitating Mode 4 Trade in Services

Anirudh Shingal

9226: Demand-Driven Youth Training Programs: Experimental Evidence from Mongolia

Soyolmaa Batbekh, Altantsetseg Batchuluun, Bayarmaa Dalkhjav and Jose Galdo

9225: How Does the World Bank Influence the Development Policy Priorities of Low-Income and Lower-Middle Income Countries ?

Stephen Knack, Bradley Christopher Parks, Ani Harutyunyan and Matthew DiLorenzo

9224: Firms' Discriminatory Behavior, and Women's Employment in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Marie Caitriona Hyland, Asif Islam and Silvia Muzi

9223: Building Resilient Health Systems: Experimental Evidence from Sierra Leone and the 2014 Ebola Outbreak

Darin Eugene Christensen, Oeindrila Dube, Johannes Haushofer, Bilal Siddiqi and Maarten Jan Voors

9222: Estimating Poverty among Refugee Populations: A Cross-Survey Imputation Exercise for Chad

Theresa Beltram, Hai-Anh Dang, Ibrahima-000535387 Sarr and Paolo Verme

9221: Incidence of COVID-19 and Connections with Air Pollution Exposure: Evidence from the Netherlands

Bo Andree

9220: Strengthening Public Health Systems: Policy Ideas from a Governance Perspective

Stuti Khemani, Sarang Chaudhary and Thiago Scot

9219: Explaining Differences in the Returns to R&D in Argentina: The Role of Contextual Factors and Complementarities

Valeria Luciana Arza, Xavier Cirera, Agustina Colonna and Emanuel Lopez

9218: Exporters Dynamics and the Role of Imports in Argentina

Matias Arnoletto, Sebastian Franco Bedoya and Jose Daniel Reyes

9217: "She Helps Me All the Time": Underestimating Women's Economic Engagement in Rural Honduras

Miriam Muller and Liliana Do Couto Sousa

9216: Who Benefits from Better Roads and Why ? Mixed Methods Analysis of the Gender-Disaggregated Impacts of a Rural Roads Project in Vietnam

Aneesh Mannava, Elizaveta Perova and Phuong Thi Minh Tran

9215: Leader Value Added: Assessing the Growth Contribution of Individual National Leaders

William R. Easterly and Steven Michael Pennings

9214: The Learning Challenge in the 21st Century

Harry Patrinos

9213: Spatial Gaps in Management Quality: Evidence from a Lagging Region in Croatia

Arti Goswami Grover, Leonardo Iacovone and Pavel Chakraborty

9212: Price Controls: Good Intentions, Bad Outcomes

Justin-Damien Guenette

9211: The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on GDP and Trade: A Preliminary Assessment

Maryla Maliszewska, Aaditya Mattoo and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe

9210: The Effects of Local Market Concentration and International Competition on Firm Productivity: Evidence from Mexico

Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Luis Lopez-Calva and Oscar Eduardo Barriga Cabanillas

9209: Distributional Effects of Intergovernmental Transfers in Mexico

Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Kiyomi E. Cadena and Laura Liliana Moreno Herrera

9208: Moving Up the Ladder: An Analysis of IDA Graduation Policy

Anton Dobronogov, Stephen Knack and James Michael Wilson

9207: Sophisticated Policy with Naive Agents: Habit Formation and Piped Water in Vietnam

Quy-Toan Do and Hanan Jacoby

9206: The Globalization of Refugee Flows

Xavier Devictor, Quy-Toan Do and Andrei Levchenko

9205: What Do 50 Years of Census Records and Household Survey Data Tell Us about Human Opportunities and Welfare in Latin America ?

Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez, German Caruso, Raul Andres Castaneda Aguilar and Eduardo Malásquez

9204: Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth: What Does It Mean for Sri Lanka?

Tisarani Rathnija Arandara and Shanuki Gunasekera

9203: Multidimensional Poverty Assessment of Internally Displaced Persons in Iraq

Claudia Noumedem Temgoua, Dhiraj Sharma and Matthew Grant Wai-Poi

9202: Owe a Bank Millions, the Bank Has a Problem: Credit Concentration in Bad Times

Sumit Agarwal, Ricardo Correa, Bernardo Morais, Jessica Roldan Peña and Claudia Ruiz Ortega

9201: Are Inflows of FDI Good for Russian Exporters ?

Stavros Poupakis

9200: Increasing Financial Inclusion in the Muslim World: Evidence from an Islamic Finance Marketing Experiment

Dean Karlan, Adam Osman and Nour Musallam Shammout

9199: Digital Trade in MENA: Regulatory Readiness Assessment

Lillyana Sophia Daza Jaller and Martin Molinuevo

9198: Using Mobile Phone Data to Reduce Spread of Disease

Sveta Milusheva

9197: Determinants of Global Value Chain Participation: Cross-Country Evidence

Ana Fernandes, Hiau Looi Kee and Deborah Winkler

9196: Internet Job Search, Employment, and Wage Growth: Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt

Nelly El-Mallakh

9195: The Relationship between Female Labor Force Participation and Violent Conflicts in South Asia

Raymond Robertson, Gladys C. Lopez-Acevedo and Matias Morales

9194: Demand for Information on Environmental Health Risk, Mode of Delivery, and Behavioral Change: Evidence from Sonargaon, Bangladesh

Alessandro Tarozzi, Ricardo Maertens, Kazi Matin Uddin Ahmed and Alexander van Geen

9193: The Future of Work in Agriculture: Some Reflections

Luc Christiaensen, Zachariah Judson Rutledge and J. Edward Taylor

9192: Customary Land Conversion and the Formation of the African City

Pierre Picard and Harris Selod

9191: Determinants of International Buyout Investments

Serdar Aldatmaz, Greg W. Brown and Asli Demirguc-Kunt

9190: Estimating Resiliency Benefits of Road Upgradation: Case of the East Road in Malaita, Solomon Islands

Darwin Marcelo Gordillo and Aditi Raina

9189: What are the Empirical Determinants of International Tourist Arrivals and Expenditures?: An Empirical Application to the Case of Sao Tome and Principe

Gabriel Victorio Montes Rojas and Rafael Chelles Barroso

9188: Conflict and the Composition of Economic Activity in Afghanistan

Virgilio Galdo, Gladys C. Lopez-Acevedo and Martin Rama

9187: Peer Effects on Violence: Experimental Evidence from El Salvador

Lelys Dinarte Diaz

9186: Fear is What Weighs Most: Experiences of Women in Situations of Violence in Accessing Support Services in Brazil

Ana Luiza Machado, Miriam Muller and Sara Hause Van Wie

9185: Traffic, Air Pollution, and Distributional Impacts in Dar es Salaam: A Spatial Analysis with New Satellite Data

Susmita Dasgupta, Somik V. Lall and David Wheeler

9184: Urban Agglomerations and Employment Transitions in Ethiopia

Akito Kamei and Shohei Nakamura

9183: Does the Internet Reduce Gender Gaps?: The Case of Jordan

Mariana Viollaz and Hernan Winkler

9182: Electricity Access and Structural Transformation: Evidence from Brazil's Electrification

Fidel Perez Sebastian, Jevgenijs Steinbuks, Jose Gustavo Feres and Ian Trotter

9181: Prospects, Risks, and Vulnerabilities in Emerging and Developing Economies: Lessons from the Past Decade

Franz Ruch

9180: Policy Challenges for Emerging and Developing Economies: Lessons from the Past Decade

Franz Ruch

9179: New Set of Indicators to Measure Population Remoteness and Dispersion: Estimates for 100 Countries, with Detailed Analysis of Pacific Island Countries

Imogen Cara Halstead, Robert Johann Utz and Boer Xia

9178: Can This Time Be Different ? Policy Options in Times of Rising Debt

Ayhan Kose, Peter Nagle, Franziska Ohnsorge and Naotaka Sugawara

9177: Subdued Potential Growth: Sources and Remedies

Sinem Kilic Celik, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge

9176: Short and Long-Run Labor Market Effects of Developing Country Exports: Evidence from Bangladesh

Raymond Robertson, Deeksha Kokas, Diego Cardozo and Gladys C. Lopez-Acevedo

9175: Structural Reforms to Set the Growth Ambition

Natasha Rovo

9174: Falling Short: A Global Survey of Electricity Tariff Design

Vivien Foster and Samantha Helen Witte

9173: When Elephants Make Peace: The Impact of the China-U.S. Trade Agreement on Developing Countries

Caroline Freund, Maryla Maliszewska, Aaditya Mattoo and Michele Ruta

9172: Global Recessions

Ayhan Kose, Naotaka Sugawara and Marco Terrones