Policy Research Working Paper Series

From The World Bank
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11300: The Rise and Regulation of Digital Credit: Lessons from Indonesia

Salman Alibhai, Emily Breza, Martin Kanz and Francesco Strobbe

11299: Individual Demand for Building State Effectiveness

Harry J. Dienes, Daniel Rogger, Yetsedaw Emagne and Giulio Schinaia

11298: Does LLM Assistance Improve Healthcare Delivery ? An Evaluation Using On-Site Physicians and Laboratory Tests

Jason Abaluck, Robert Pless, Nirmal Ravi, Anja Sautmann and Aaron Schwartz

11297: Not All Shocks Are Shared Equally: Commodity Exporters and International Risk Sharing

Emiliano Luttini, Dawit Kelemework Mekonnen, Valerie Mercer-Blackman and Bent Sorensen

11296: How Much Do Commodity Exporters Share Risk ?

Emiliano Luttini, Dawit Kelemework Mekonnen, Valerie Mercer-Blackman and Bent Sorensen

11295: African Trade and Investment for Global Resilience: The Mattei Lecture at the World Bank’s 2025 Africa Growth and Opportunity—Research in Action (AGORA) Conference

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

11294: The Hidden Costs of Violence: How Crime Shapes Women’s Labor Market Outcomes in Latin America

Jacobus Joost De Hoop, Ana Maria Tribin Uribe and Andrea Velásquez

11293: Who Benefits from Public Spending on Health Care ? Longitudinal Evidence from Ethiopia

Alemayehu Ambel and Getachew Yirga Belete

11292: CLARE: A Causal machine Learning Approach to Resilience Estimation

Talip Kilic, Marco Letta, Pierluigi Montalbano and Federica Petruccelli

11291: Evaluating Paraguay’s Vulnerability to the EU Deforestation-Free Regulation

Nicolas Borchers Arriagada, Mariana Conte Grand, Daniel Reyes, Diego Rojas and Pui Shen Yoong

11290: Unreliable Electricity in Developing Countries: The Role of Weak Institutions

Andu Berha and Stuti Khemani

11289: Neither Too Little, nor Too Late: Restructuring as a Reflex for Outcomes

Lisandro Martin, Juan Jose Leguia Alegria and Ze Han

11288: “I Want to Break Free”: How Laws and Social Norms Open Doors for Women

Alev Gurbuz Cuneo, Ana Maria Tribin Uribe, Tea Trumbic and Caroline Perrin

11287: Firm Credit Constraints and Electronic Payments: A Global Analysis

Manuel Galilea, Subika Farazi and Davide Salvatore Mare

11286: Nudging at Scale: Evidence from a Government Text Messaging Campaign during School Shutdowns in Punjab, Pakistan

Koen Martijn Geven, Ayesha Tahir, Tazeen Fasih, Javaeria Qureshi, Amer Hasan, Sheena Fazili, Rabea Malik and Kevin Alan David Macdonald

11285: South Africa’s Fragmented Cities: The Unequal Burden of Labor Market Frictions

Javier Baez and Varun Sridhar Kshirsagar

11284: Heat, Informality, and Misallocation: Firm Adaptation in the Short and Long Run

Jonah Matthew Rexer and Siddharth Sharma

11283: Climate and Social Sustainability in Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Contexts

Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva and Connor Huff

11282: Investment in Emerging and Developing Economies

Amat Adarov, Ayhan Kose and Dana Vorisek

11281: Closing the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship: Overcoming Challenges in Law and Practice for Female Entrepreneurs

Daniela Monika Behr and Yue Xi

11280: Do Informal Businesses with More-Educated Owners Adopt Better Business Practices ? Evidence from the Central African Republic

Mohammad Amin, Asif Islam and Debasmita Padhi

11279: Institutional Capacity for Policy Implementation: An Analytical Framework

Galileu Kim, Tanu Kumar, Rita Ramalho and Stuart Ehrlich Russell

11278: Group Consulting Continues to Benefit Firms after a Decade: Experimental Evidence from Colombian Auto Parts Firms

Leonardo Iacovone, David McKenzie and William F. Maloney

11277: Growth and Opportunity for Africa — The World Bank Africa Growth and Opportunity: Research in Action Conference

Florizelle Liser and Laird Treiber

11276: The Contribution of Human Capital to Current and Future Growth: An Extension of the World Bank’s Long-Term Growth Model (LTGM-HC)

Arthur Galego Mendes and Steven Michael Pennings

11275: Seeds of Change: The Effects of the Introduction of Bt Cotton in India

Yi Jie Gwee

11274: External Finance in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies: A Tale of Differences in Vulnerabilities*

Dohan Kim and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti

11273: Mapping the Gender Dimension in Taxation and Budgeting: A Cross-Country Study of Laws, Policies and Practices

Hannelore Maria L. Niesten, Luiza Ferraz Di Ricco and Alena Sakhonchik

11272: Revisiting Public Capital Needs: An Analysis of Growth-Maximizing Investment with Efficiency and Congestion Effects

Santiago Herrera Aguilera, Christophe Hurlin and Hironobu Isaka

11271: Psychological Barriers to Participation in the Labor Market: Evidence from Rural Ghana

Leandro Carvalho, Damien B. C. M. de Walque, Crick Lund, Heather Schofield, Vincent Somville and Jingyao Wei

11270: Medium-Term Impacts of Integrated Social Safety Nets: Cash Transfers, Information Meetings, and Home Visits for Child Development

Richard Akresh, Damien B. C. M. de Walque, Harounan Kazianga and Abigail Stocker

11269: Country-Level Pathways to 30x30 and Their Implications for Global Biodiversity Protection

Susmita Dasgupta, Brian Blankespoor and David Wheeler

11268: How Laws Promote Economic Opportunities: A Review

Fabiola Saavedra Caballero, Ana Maria Tribin Uribe and Caroline Sabine Marie Perrin

11267: Rigging the Scores: Corruption through Scoring Rule Manipulation in Public Procurement Auctions

Qianmiao Chen

11266: Pollution Intensity of Consumption: Exploring the Environmental Engel Curve Based on Micro-Data from 109 Countries

Ebad Ebadi and Jun Rentschler

11265: Temptation, Self-Control, and the Design of Optimal Unemployment Insurance

Zoe Leiyu Xie and Pei Cheng Yu

11264: Investment Policy Reforms and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows: A Case Study of Ethiopia

Sammy Oketch Fwaga, Deepa Chakrapani and Girum Abebe

11263: Labor Demand in the Age of Generative AI: Early Evidence from the U.S. Job Posting Data

Yan Liu, He Wang and Shu Yu

11262: Beyond Green Jobs: Advancing Metrics and Modeling Approaches for a Changing Labor Market

Penelope Ann Mealy, Joris Joseph Johannes Hendrik Bucker, Fernanda Senra de Moura and Camilla Knudsen

11261: The Economics of Water Scarcity

Jon Frost, Carlos Madeira and Serafin Martinez Jaramillo

11260: Gender and Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Analysis through the Life Cycle

Paola Buitrago Hernandez, Daniela Maquera Sardon, Hugo Rolando Nopo Aguilar and Eliana Carolina Rubiano Matulevich

11259: Assessing the Macroeconomic Impacts of Stochastic Climate Shocks in Paraguay

Heather Ruberl, Pui Shen Yoong, Diego Castillo and Brent Boehlert

11258: The MANAGE-WB Applied General Equilibrium Model of the World Bank: Model Documentation and User Guide

Lulit Mitik Beyene, Wolfgang Karl Heinz Britz, Martin Christensen, Hasan Dudu and Ragchaasuren Galindev

11257: What Underlies the Poor Financial Performance of Electric Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa ?

Govinda R. Timilsina

11256: Women’s Mobility and Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan

Robert Garlick, Erica Field and Kate Vyborny

11255: Direct and Indirect Impacts of Transport Mobility on Access to Jobs: Evidence from South Africa

Atsushi Iimi

11254: From Policy to Practice: Lessons from the Implementation of the Refugee Work Rights Policy in Ethiopia

Ana Maria Perez and Sandra Rozo

11253: The Distributional Impacts of Climatic Variability on Welfare in Thailand

Sailesh Tiwari, Emmanuel Skoufias and Varun Sridhar Kshirsagar

11252: The Evolution of Local Participatory Democracy in Nepal

Thaneshwar Bhusal, Michael G Breen and Vijayendra Rao

11251: The Impact of Technology on Migration to the United States from Central America and the Dominican Republic

Mariana Viollaz, Luis Laguinge and Harry Moroz

11250: An Exploration of Systemwide Flood Protection Standards for Coastal Polders in Bangladesh

Ruben Jongejan, Matheus Van Ledden, Kasper Lendering, Jasper Verschuur, Debashish Paul Shuvra, Bramka Arga Jafino and Swarna Kazi

11249: Nickel, Steel and Cars: Export Ban and Domestic Value-Added in Indonesia

Hiau Looi Kee and Enze Xie

11248: Monitoring Global Aid Flows: A Novel Approach Using Large Language Models

Xubei Luo, Arvind Balaji Rajasekaran and Andrew Conner Scruggs

11247: When Does a Village Become a Town ? Revisiting Pakistan’s Urbanization Using Satellite Data

Oscar Eduardo Barriga Cabanillas, Marziya Farooq, Moritz Meyer and Christina Wieser

11246: Advancing the Jobs Agenda: Toward Self-Reliance in Refugee Situations

Zara Inga Sarzin

11245: From Awareness to Action ? Experimental Evidence on Challenges in Reducing School-Related Gender-Based Violence Through a Multi-Component Program in Zambia

Sophia Friedson-Ridenour, Wei Chang, Menaal Fatima Ebrahim, Anu Jose, Tara Bedi, Michael King, Musama Obbie, Kahilu Samuyachi, Carla Z Glave Barrantes and Yenny Chavarria Garcia

11244: Fast Action for Floods: RCT Evidence on Forecast-based Cash Transfers from Bangladesh and Nepal

Nidhila Adusumalli, Odbayar Batmunkh, Paul J. Christian, Felipe Dunsch, Jonas Heirman, Erin Kelley, Florence Kondylis, Gregory Lane, Kriti Malhotra and Jennifer Waidler

11243: Measuring Exposure and Vulnerability to International Trade Shocks

Jean-Francois Arvis, Akanksha Burman, Alvaro Raul Espitia Rueda, Jean-Christophe Maur, Nadia Rocha and Daria Ulybina

11242: The State of Global Services Trade Policies: Evidence from Recent Data

Laura Baiker, Ingo Borchert, Roberto Echandi, Ana Fernandes, Ishrat Hans, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Juan A. Marchetti and Ester Rubio Colomer

11241: Joint Land Titles and Women's Status in Uganda

Michelle Poulin and Rachael Susan Pierotti

11240: Green Product Exports, Domestic Value Added and Trade Policies: Firm-Level Evidence from China

Hiau Looi Kee, Daria Taglioni and Enze Xie

11239: Promoting Women’s Leadership: What Works, What Doesn’t, and What’s Missing

Francesca Bramucci, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet and Mariana Viollaz

11238: Biodiversity Guidance for Road Corridor Investments: Mobilizing New Data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility

Susmita Dasgupta, Brian Blankespoor and David Wheeler

11237: Satellite-Based Measures for Tracking Atmospheric CO₂ and CH₄ at National, Subnational, and Urban Scales

Brian Blankespoor, Susmita Dasgupta and David Wheeler

11236: It’s Not (Just) the Tariffs: Rethinking Non-Tariff Measures in a Fragmented Global Economy

Daria Taglioni and Hiau Looi Kee

11235: What Do Small and Informal Household Enterprises Want ?

Nicolas Cerkez, Wendy Cunningham, Sarika Gupta and Felix Lung

11234: Process Legitimacy and Development: Analytical Framings, Implications, and Applications

Patrick John Barron, Marine Gassier, Meltem Ikindji and Michael Woolcock

11233: Public Preferences for Economic Reforms Are Shaped More by Design Than Cost

Christopher Alexander Hoy, Yeon Soo Kim, Saad Imtiaz, Ana Maria Rojas Mendez, Moritz Meyer, Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza, Lydia Kim, William Hutchins Seitz, Imane Helmy, Ikuko Uochi, Sering Touray, Juni Singh, Bambang Suharnoko Sjahrir, Utz Johann Pape, Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky, Trang Van Nguyen, Defne Gencer, Min A Lee, Akiko Sagesaka and Ivette Contreras

11232: Access to Capital and Women's Entrepreneurship

Girum Abebe, Rachel Cassidy and Toni Johannes Weis

11231: Who on Earth Is Using Generative AI ? Global Trends and Shifts in 2025

Yan Liu, Jingyun Huang and He Wang

11230: The Marshall Plan: Then and Now

Davis Kedrosky and Joel Mokyr

11229: Public and Private Transit: Evidence from Lagos

Daniel Björkegren, Alice Duhaut, Geetika Nagpal and Nick Tsivanidis

11228: The Impact of a Mobile Money Levy on Household Welfare: Evidence from Tanzania

Revocatus Washington Paul and Dhiraj Sharma

11227: Public Procurement and Firms: Evidence from Kenya

Justice Tei Mensah, Peter Chacha Wankuru and Benard K. Kirui

11226: Green versus Conventional Corporate Debt: From Issuances to Emissions

Juan Jose Cortina Lorente, Claudio Raddatz, Sergio Schmukler and Tomas Williams

11225: Stanley Fischer Memorial Lecture: Geopolitics and Development—The World Bank ABCDE Conference

Robert B. Zoellick

11224: Five Frictions: Key Labor Market Barriers to Unlocking Job Growth in the Green Transition

Camilla Knudsen, Fernanda Senra de Moura, Joris Joseph Johannes Hendrik Bucker and Penelope Ann Mealy

11223: Women as Environmental Leaders: Shifting the Narrative from Vulnerability to Empowerment

Adhwaa Alsaleh, Girija Borker and Hannah Irmela Uckat

11222: Deterring Industrial Vessels from African Coastal Fisheries

Aishwarya Agarwal and Gabriel Englander

11221: Using Remotely Sensed Data to Assess War-Induced Damage to Agricultural Cultivation: Evidence from Ukraine

Klaus W. Deininger, Daniel Ayalew Ali, Kussul Nataliia, Guido Lemoine, Andrii Shelestov and Leonid Shumilo

11220: Natural Disasters and Perceived Returns to Education

Macoura Doumbia and Damien B. C. M. de Walque

11219: Geopolitical Risks and Trade

Alen Mulabdic and Yoto Yotov

11217: The Impact of Atlantic Hurricanes on Business Activity

Sumit Agarwal, Smarajit Paul Choudhury, Mingxuan Fan and Leora Klapper

11216: Higher Education Expansion and Firm Organization

Xavier Cirera, Marcio Cruz and Antonio Soares Martins Neto

11215: Uneven Waters: Examining Poverty and Urban and Rural Households' Exposure to Flood Risk in Paraguay

Paul Ervin, Lyliana Gayoso de Ervin and Eliana Carolina Rubiano Matulevich

11214: Growth, Structural Transformation and Carbon Emissions

Alen Mulabdic, Gaurav Nayyar and Katherine Stapleton

11213: The Economic Value of Weather Forecasts: A Quantitative Systematic Literature Review

Hannah Farkas, Manuel Linsenmeier, Marta Talevi, Paolo Avner, Bramka Arga Jafino and Moussa Sidibe

11212: Rural Roads and Local Economic Development in China

Yajie Han, Nino Pkhikidze, Yu Qin and Yi Yang

11211: Women in Sciences and Engineering: Why Leveling Employment in Industrial Sectors Matters for Economic Diversification in Developing Countries

Yselle Flora Malah-Kuete, Désiré Avom and Luc Omgba

11210: Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations: Intertwined Crises, Multiple Vulnerabilities

Samuel Hill, Jeetendra Khadan and Peter Metin Selcuk

11209: The Central African Republic’s Forestry and Mining Revenue Potential

Yannick Bouterige, Baptiste Marquant and Pierre Jean-Claude Mandon

11208: An Apple a Day: The Impact of Healthier School Meals on Children in Jordan

Simone Lombardini, Florence Kondylis, Benedetta Lerva, Jonas Heirman, Roshni Khincha and Hannah Irmela Uckat

11207: Social Defaults and Plan Choice: The Case of Spousal Following

Tal Gross, Tim Layton, Daniel Prinz and Julia Yates

11206: Temperature Anomalies as an Obstacle to Women’s Rights and Economic Empowerment?

Daniela Monika Behr, Liang Shen, Ana Maria Tribin Uribe and Tea Trumbic

11205: Algorithms and Bureaucrats: Evidence from Tax Audit Selection in Senegal

Pierre Bachas, Anne Brockmeyer, Alipio Ferreira and Bassirou Sarr

11204: Beyond Camps and Communities: The Economics of Refugee Relocation in Bangladesh

Sandra Rozo, María José Urbina and Christina Wieser

11203: Children in Monetary Poor Households: Global, Regional, and Select National Trends in the Progress against Child Poverty

Gabriel Lara Ibarra, Daylan Alberto Salmeron Gomez, Solrun Engilbertsdottir, Carolina Diaz-Bonilla, Enrique Delamonica and Jennifer Yablonski

11202: Nowcasting Disruptions to Human Capital Formation: Evidence from High-Frequency Household and Geospatial Data in Rural Malawi

Elizabeth J. Tennant, Aleksandr Michuda, Joanna B. Upton, Andres Chamorro, Ryan Engstrom, Michael L. Mann, David Newhouse, Michael Weber and Christopher Barrett

11201: Socioemotional Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa: Validating and Comparing Behavioral and Self-Reported Measures

Clara Anne Delavallade, Smita Das, Lea Marie Rouanet, Aidan Clerkin, Chris Gonzalez and Julian Jamison

11200: Command and Can’t Control: Assessing Centralized Accountability in the Public Sector

Saad Gulzar, Juan Felipe Ladino, Muhammad Zia Mehmood and Daniel Rogger