Policy Research Working Paper Series

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4649: Bank involvement with SMEs: beyond relationship lending

Augusto de la Torre, Maria Martinez Peria and Sergio Schmukler

4648: Cyclical movements in unemployment and informality in developing countries

Mariano Bosch and William Maloney

4647: Who are the unbanked ?

Simeon Djankov, Pedro Miranda, Enrique Seira Bejarano and Siddharth Sharma

4646: Bank regulations are changing: for better or worse ?

James Barth, Gerard Caprio and Ross Levine

4645: The impact of cash transfers on school enrollment: evidence from Ecuador

Hessel Oosterbeek, Juan Ponce and Norbert Schady

4644: India shining and Bharat drowning: comparing two Indian states to the worldwide distribution in mathematics achievement

Jishnu Das and Tristan Zajonc

4643: Demanding to be served: holding governments to account for improved access

Anwar Shah

4642: Are low food prices pro-poor ? net food buyers and sellers in low-income countries

M. Ataman Aksoy and Aylin Isik-Dikmelik

4641: Good, bad, and ugly colonial activities: studying development across the Americas

Miriam Bruhn and Francisco Gallego

4640: Oil intensities and oil prices: evidence for Latin America

Veronica Alaimo and Humberto Lopez

4639: The social discount rate: estimates for nine Latin American countries

Humberto Lopez

4638: Benchmarking financial development

Thorsten Beck, Erik Feyen, Alain Ize and Florencia Moizeszowicz

4637: The impact of remittances on rural poverty and inequality in China

Nong Zhu and Xubei Luo

4636: Real exchange rates, saving and growth: is there a link ?

Peter Montiel and Luis Servén

4635: Who are the microenterprise owners ? Evidence from Sri Lanka on Tokman v. de Soto

Suresh de Mel, David McKenzie and Christopher Woodruff

4634: HIV/AIDS, climate change and disaster management: challenges for institutions in Malawi

Pablo Suarez, Precious Givah, Kelvin Storey and Alexander Lotsch

4633: Public expenditure and consumption volatility

Santiago Herrera and Bruno Vincent

4632: Instrumental variables regressions with honestly uncertain exclusion restrictions

Aart Kraay

4631: Investigating the Impact of climate change on the robustness of index-based microinsurance in Malawi

S. Hochrainer, R. Mechler, G. Pflug and A. Lotsch

4630: Microfinance meets the market

Robert Cull, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Jonathan Morduch

4629: Who benefits from promoting small and medium scale enterprises ? some empirical evidence from Ethiopia

Bob Rijkers, Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi and Francis Teal

4628: The anatomy of China's export growth

Mary Amiti and Caroline Freund

4627: Economic partnership agreements and the export competitiveness of Africa

Paul Brenton, Mombert Hoppe and Richard Newfarmer

4626: The process of financial development: a statistical view from the FSAP program

Alain Ize, Rafael Pardo and Sarah Zekri

4625: Use of modern medical care for pregnancy and childbirth care: does female schooling matter ?

Aparnaa Somanathan

4624: Connecting the unobserved dots: a decomposition analysis of changes in earnings inequality in urban Argentina, 1980-2002

Gabriel Demombynes and Johannes Metzler

4623: Global poverty and inequality: a review of the evidence

Francisco Ferreira and Martin Ravallion

4622: The impact of price subsidies on child health care use: evaluation of the Indonesian healthcard

Aparnaa Somanathan

4621: China is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty

Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion

4620: Dollar a day revisited

Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula

4619: Spite and development

Ernst Fehr, Karla Hoff and Mayuresh Kshetramade

4618: Cocaine production and trafficking: what do we know ?

Daniel Mejia and Carlos Posada

4617: Quality of schooling, returns to schooling and the 1981 vouchers reform in Chile

Harry Patrinos

4616: Migration, sorting and regional inequality: evidence from Bangladesh

Forhad Shilpi

4615: Trade facilitation in ASEAN member countries: measuring progress and assessing priorities

Ben Shepherd and John Wilson

4614: Is migration a good substitute for education subsidies ?

Frédéric Docquier, Ousmane Faye and Pierre Pestieau

4613: A gendered assessment of the brain drain

Frédéric Docquier, B. Lindsay Lowell and Abdeslam Marfouk

4612: Measuring distortions to agricultural incentives, revisited

Kym Anderson, Marianne Kurzweil, Will Martin, Damiano Sandri and Ernesto Valenzuela

4611: Spatial specialization and farm-nonfarm linkages

Uwe Deichmann, Forhad Shilpi and Renos Vakis

4610: Devolution, accountability, and service delivery: some insights from Pakistan

Zahid Hasnain

4609: Beyond aid: new sources and innovative mechanisms for financing development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Dilip Ratha, Sanket Mohapatra and Sonia Plaza

4608: The econometrics of finance and growth

Thorsten Beck

4607: Intertemporal adjustment and fiscal policy under a fixed exchange rate regime

Marcel Aloy, Blanca Moreno-Dodson and Gilles Nancy

4606: Armed conflict and schooling: evidence from the 1994 Rwandan genocide

Richard Akresh and Damien de Walque

4605: Assessing asset indices

Deon Filmer and Kinnon Scott

4604: Latin America and the social contract: patterns of social spending and taxation

Karla Breceda, Iamele Rigolini and Jaime Saavedra

4603: A structural ricardian analysis of climate change impacts and adaptations in African agriculture

S. Niggol Seo and Robert Mendelsohn

4602: Long-term adaptation: selecting farm types across agro-ecological zones in Africa

S. Niggol Seo, Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar, Pradeep Kurukulasuriya and Rashid Hassan

4601: Differential adaptation strategies by agro-ecological zones in African livestock management

S. Niggol Seo, Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar and Pradeep Kurukulasuriya

4600: Differential adaptation strategies to climate change in African cropland by agro-ecological zones

S. Niggol Seo, Robert Mendelsohn, Pradeep Kurukulasuriya, Ariel Dinar and Rashid Hassan

4599: A ricardian analysis of the distribution of climate change impacts on agriculture across agro-ecological zones in Africa

S. Niggol Seo, Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar, Rashid Hassan and Pradeep Kurukulasuriya

4598: The challenge of reducing international trade and migration barriers

Kym Anderson and L. Winters

4597: How relevant is infrastructure to growth in East Asia ?

Kalpana Seethepalli, Maria Caterina Bramati and David Veredas

4596: Windfall management for poverty reduction: improving public finance Management-the case of Chad

Achille Toto Same

4595: Mineral-rich countries and dutch disease: understanding the macroeconomic implications of windfalls and the development prospects-the case of Equatorial Guinea

Achille Toto Same

4594: Implications of higher global food prices for poverty in low-income countries

Maros Ivanic and Will Martin

4593: Medical migration: what can we learn from the UK's perspective ?

Martine Rutten

4592: Assessing the redistributive effect of fiscal policy

B. Essama-Nssah

4591: Earnings inequality within and across gender, racial, and ethnic groups in four Latin American Countries

Wendy Cunningham and Joyce Jacobsen

4590: Infrastructure and development: a critical appraisal of the macro level literature

Stephane Straub

4589: Infrastructure and economic growth in East Asia

Stephane Straub, Charles Vellutini and Michael Warlters

4588: An evaluation of the initial impact of the medical assistance program for the poor in Georgia

Xiaohui Hou and Shiyan Chao

4587: Health reform, population policy and child nutritional status in China

Caryn Bredenkamp

4586: Determinants of remittances: recent evidence using data on internal migrants in Vietnam

Yoko Niimi, Hung Pham and Barry Reilly

4585: Migrant labor markets and the welfare of rural households in the developing world: evidence from China

Alan de Brauw and John Giles

4584: Pitfalls of participatory programs: evidence from a randomized evaluation in education in India

Abhijit Banerjee, Rukmini Banerji, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster and Stuti Khemani

4583: The demographic, economic and financial determinants of international remittances in developing countries

Richard Adams

4582: Technology trap and poverty trap in Sub-Saharan Africa

Hippolyte Fofack

4581: Effects of improving infrastructure quality on business costs: evidence from firm-level data

Atsushi Iimi

4580: Conditional cash transfers in education: design features, peer and sibling effects evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia

Felipe Barrera-Osorio, Marianne Bertrand, Leigh Linden and Francisco Perez-Calle

4579: The effectiveness of boards of directors of state owned enterprises in developing countries

Maria Vagliasindi

4578: Insurers: too many, too few, or"just right"? initial observations on a cross-country dataset of concentration and competition measures

Craig Thorburn

4577: Nonfarm microenterprise performance and the investment climate: evidence from rural Ethiopia

Josef Loening, Bob Rijkers and Mans Soderbom

4576: Human capital and the changing structure of the Indian economy

Mohammad Amin and Aaditya Mattoo

4575: Domestic constraints, firm characteristics, and geographical diversification of firm-level manufacturing exports in Africa

Yutaka Yoshino

4574: Labor markets in rural and urban Haiti--based on the first household survey for Haiti

Dorte Verner

4573: Linking African smallholders to high-value markets: practitioner perspectives on benefits, constraints, and interventions

Spencer Henson, Steven Jaffee, John Cranfield, Jose Blandon and Paul Siegel

4572: Partial peace rebel groups inside and outside civil war settlements

Desiree Nilsson

4571: Making poor Haitians count--poverty in rural and urban Haiti based on the first household survey for Haiti

Dorte Verner

4570: Regional household and poverty effects of Russia's accession to the world trade organization

Thomas Rutherford and David Tarr

4569: Financing lifelong learning

Hessel Oosterbeek and Harry Patrinos

4568: Can cost-benefit analysis guide education policy in developing countries ?

Emmanuel Jimenez and Harry Patrinos

4567: The dynamics of ownership of durable goods in Bulgaria: from economic crisis to EU membership

Oleksiy Ivaschenko and Lire Ersado

4566: Reading tealeaves on the potential impact of the privatization of tea estates in Rwanda

B. Essama-Nssah, Kene Ezemenari and Vijdan Korman

4565: Evo, Pablo, Tony, Diego, and Sonny - general equilibrium analysis of the illegal drugs market

Romulo Chumacero

4564: Can production and trafficking of illicit drugs be reduced or merely shifted ?

Peter Reuter

4563: A general equilibrium analysis of demand side management programs under the clean development mechanism of the kyoto protocol

Govinda Timilsina

4562: Social exclusion and the gender gap in education

Maureen Lewis and Marlaine Lockheed

4561: Burley tobacco clubs in Malawi: nonmarket institutions for exports

Mariano Negri and Guido Porto

4560: Trade remedies and non-market economies: economic implications of the first US countervailing duty case on China

Longyue Zhao and Yan Wang

4559: Expanding taxable capacity and reaching revenue potential: cross-country analysis

Tuan Minh Le, Blanca Moreno-Dodson and Jeep Rojchaichaninthorn

4558: Improving logistics costs for transportation and trade facilitation

Julio A. Gonzalez, Jose Luis Guasch and Tomas Serebrisky

4557: Helpful Governments

Mohammad Amin

4556: Economics of irrigation water management: a literature survey with focus on partial and general equilibrium models

Hasan Dudu and Sinqobile Chumi

4555: Informal payments and moonlighting in Tajikistan's health sector

Andrew Dabalen and Waly Wane

4554: Measuring financial protection in health

Adam Wagstaff

4553: The historical foundations of the narcotic drug control regime

Julia Buxton

4552: Productivity growth and economic reform: evidence from Rwanda

Kalamogo Coulibaly, Kene Ezemenari and Neal Duffy

4551: Avian influenza and the poultry trade

Alessandro Nicita

4550: Heterogeneous quality firms and trade costs

Matthias Helble and Toshihiro Okubo