Policy Research Working Paper Series

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2380: Trade polices for electronic commerce

Aaditya Mattoo and Ludger Schuknecht

2379: India and the multilateral trading system after Seattle - toward a proactive role

Aaditya Mattoo and Arvind Subramanian

2378: Disintegration and trade flows: evidence from the Former Soviet Union

Simeon Djankov and Caroline Freund

2377: Reforming water supply in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: mild reform in a turbulent environment

Claude Menard and George Clarke

2376: The effect of early childhood development programs on women's labor force participation and older children's schooling in Kenya

Michael Lokshin, Elena Glinskaya and Marito Garcia

2375: Asset distribution, inequality, and growth

Klaus Deininger and Pedro Olinto

2374: Should credit be given for autonomous liberalization in multilateral trade negotiations?

Aaditya Mattoo and Marcelo Olarreaga

2373: Reciprocity across modes of supply in the World Trade Organization: a negotiating formula

Aaditya Mattoo and Marcelo Olarreaga

2372: Financial openness, democracy, and redistributive policy

Mansoor Dailami

2371: Shock persistence and the choice of foreign exchange regime - an empirical note from Mexico

Giugale, Marcelo*Korobow, Adam

2370: A new model for market-based regulation of subnational borrowing - the Mexican approach

Marcelo Giugale, Adam Korobow and Steven Webb

2369: How the proposd Basel Guidelines on rating-agency assessments would affect developing countries

Giovanni Ferri, Li-Gang Liu and Giovanni Majnoni

2368: Seeds of corruption - Do market institutions matter?

Harry G. Broadman and Francesca Recanatini

2367: Gender, poverty, and nonfarm employment in Ghana and Uganda

Constance Newman and R. Sudharshan Canagarajah

2366: Fiscal constraints, collection costs, and trade policies

Keiko Kubota

2365: Leading indicator project - Lithuania

Stephen S. Everhart and Robert Duval-Hernandez

2364: Perverse effects of a ratings-related capital adequacy system

Patrick Honohan

2363: Would collective action clauses raise borrowing costs? - an update and additional results

Barry Eichengreen and Ashoka Mody

2362: A transitory regime: water supply in Conakry, Guinea

Claude Menard and George Clarke

2361: The welfare effects of private sector participation in Guinea's urban water supply

George Clarke, Claude Menard and Ana Maria Zuluaga

2360: Corruption and the composition of foreign direct investment - firm-level evidence

Beata K. Smarzynska and Shang-Jin Wei

2359: Reducing carbon dioxide emissions through joint implementation of projects

Will Martin

2358: Why infrastructure financing facilities often fall short of their objectives

Daniela Klingebiel and Jeff Ruster

2357: Evaluating carbon offsets from forestry and energy projects

Kenneth M. Chomitz

2356: Bureaucratic delegation and political institutions: when are independent central banks irrelevent?

Philip Keffer and David Stasavage

2355: Greed and grievance in civil war

Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler

2354: When the bureaucrats move out of business: a cost-benefit assessment of labor retrenchment in China

Yi Chen and Ishac Diwan

2353: The Sao Mateus - Jabaquara Trolleybusway Concession in Brazil

Jorge Rebelo and Pedro Machado

2352: How stronger patent protection in India might affect the behavior of transnational pharaceutical industries

Carsten Fink

2351: Environmental policy and time consistency - emissions taxes and emissions trading

Peter W. Kennedy and Benoit Laplante

2350: Multilateral trade liberalization and political disintegration - implications for the evolution of free trade areas and customs unions

Maurice Schiff

2349: Trade, foreign direct investment, and international technology transfer: a survey

Kamal Saggi

2348: Taxing issues with privatization: a checklist

Jack Mintz, Duanjie Chen and Evangelia Zorotheos

2347: Terror as a bargaining instrument: a case study of dowry violence in rural India

Francis Bloch and Vijayendra Rao

2346: the middle class consensus and economic development

William Easterly

2345: Information and modeling issues in designing water and sanitation subsidy schemes

Andres Gomez-Lobo, Vivien Foster and Jonathan Halpern

2344: Designing direct subsidies for water and sanitation services - Panama: a case study

Andres Gomez-Lobo

2343: Ownership and performance of Lithuanian enterprises

David Grigorian

2342: What can we learn about country performance from conditional comparisons across countries?

Martin Ravallion

2341: The tyranny of concepts - CUDIE (Cumulated, Depreciated Investment Effort) is NOT capital

Lant Pritchett

2340: Currency substitution in Latin America - lessons from the 1990s

Pedro Gomis-Porqueras, Carlos Serrano and Alejandro Somuano

2339: Building subnational debt markets in developing and transition economies: a framework for analysis, policy reform, and assistance strategy

Michel Noel

2338: The geography of international investment

Howard Shatz and Anthony Venables

2337: Pollution charges, community pressure, and abatement cost of industrial pollution in China

Hua Wang

2336: Endogenous enforcement and effectiveness of China's pollution levy system

Hua Wang and David Wheeler

2335: Inflation and the poor

William Easterly and Stanley Fischer

2334: Sex workers and the cost of safe sex - the compensating differential for condom use in Calcutta

Vijayendra Rao, Indrani Gupta and Smarajit Jana

2333: Output fluctuations in Latin America - what explains the recent slowdown?

Santiago Herrera, Guillermo Perry and Neile Quintero

2332: Financial intermediary distress in the Republic of Korea - Small is beautiful?

Paola Bongini, Giovanni Ferri and Tae Soo Kang

2331: Competition, Corporate Governance, and regulation in Central Asia - Uzbekistan's structural reform challenges

Harry G. Boradman

2330: Reducing structural dominance and entry barriers in Russian industry

Harry G. Broadman

2329: Improving Russia's policy on foreign direct investment

Joel Bergsman, Harry G. Broadman and Vladimir Drebentsov

2328: Social transfers and social assistance - an empirical analysis using Latvian household survey data

Branko Milanovic

2327: How the Republic of Korea's financial structure affects the volatility of four asset prices

Hong-Ghi Min and Jong-Goo Par

2326: How urban concentration affects economic growth

J. Vernon Henderson

2325: Banking systems around the globe: do regulation and ownership affect the performance and stability?

James Barth, Gerard Caprio and Ross Levine

2324: Give growth and macroeconomic stability in Russia a chance - harden budgets by eliminating nonpayments

Brian Pinto, Vladimir Drebentsov and Alexander Morozov

2323: Globalization and firms'financing choices - evidence from emerging economies

Sergio Schmukler and Esteban Versperoni

2322: Self-targeted subsidies - the distributional impact of the Egyptian food subsidy system

Richard Adams

2321: Algorithms for purchasing AIDS vaccines

David Bishai, Maria K. Lin and C.W.B. Kiyonga

2320: Does more intense competition lead to higher growth?

Mark A. Dutz and Aydin Hayri

2319: Externalities and production efficiency

Gunnar Eskeland

2318: Regulatory reform, competition, and innovation - a case study of the Mexican road freight industry

Mark A. Dutz, Aydin Hayri and Pablo Ibarra

2317: Trade negotiations in the presence of network externalities

Keiko Kubota

2316: Distributional outcomes of a decentralized welfare program

Emanuela Galasso and Martin Ravallion

2315: Investment in natural gas pipelines in the Southern Cone of Latin America

Alejandro Jadresic

2314: Technological leadership and foreign investors'choice of entry mode

Beata K. Smarzynska

2313: How interest rates changed under financial liberalization - a cross-country review

Patrick Honohan

2312: Measuring governance, corruption, and State capture - how firms and bureaucrats shape the business environment in transition economies

Joel S. Hellman, Geraint Jones, Daniel Kaufmann and Mark Schankerman

2311: The Buenos Aires water concession

Lorena Alcázar, Manuel Abdala and Mary M. Shirley

2310: How politics and institutions affect pension reform in three post-communist countries

Mitchell A. Orenstein

2309: What drives private saving around the world?

Norman Loayza, Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel and Luis Servén

2308: How small should an economy's fiscal deficit be? - a monetary programming approach

Paul E. Beckerman

2307: Surveying surveys and questioning questions - learning from World Bank experience

Francesca Recanatini, Scott J. Wallsten and Lixin Xu

2306: International contagion - implications for policy

Roberto Chang and Giovanni Majnoni

2305: The impact of banking crises on money demand and price stability

Maria Martinez Peria

2304: Disinflation and the supply side

Pierre-Richard Agénor and Lodovico Pizzati

2303: Malaria and growth

F. Desmond McCarthy, Holger Wolf and Yi Wu

2302: Why liberalization alone has not improved agricultural productivity in Zambia: the role of asset ownership and working capital constraints

Klaus Deininger and Pedro Olinto

2301: Identifying welfare effects from subjective questions

Martin Ravallion and Michael Lokshin

2300: Single mothers in Russia - household strategies for coping with poverty

Michael Lokshin, Kathleen Mullan Harris and Barry Popkin

2299: Household savings in transition economies

Cevdet Denizer

2298: Fiscal deficits, monetary reform, and inflation stabilization in Romania

Nina Budina and Sweder van Wijnbergen

2297: Sources of ethnic inequality in Vietnam

Dileni Gunewardena and Dominique van de Walle

2296: An ecological and historical perspective on agricultural development in Southeast Asia

Yujiro Hayami

2295: Resolving bank failures in Argentina - recent developments and issues

Augusto de la Torre

2294: Reforming the urban water system in Santiago, Chile

Mary M. Shirley, Lixin Xu and Ana Maria Zuluaga

2293: Should capital flows be regulated? - a look at the issues and policies

Roumeen Islam

2292: Dividing the spoils - pensions, privatization, and reform in Russia's transition

Ethan B. Kapstein and Branko Milanovic

2291: Incentives for pollution control - regulation and public disclosure

Jerome Foulon, Paul Lanoie and Benoit Laplante

2290: Decentralization and corruption - evidence across countries

Raymond Fisman and Roberta Gatti

2289: Exchange rate overvaluation and trade protection - lessons from experience

Howard Shatz and David Tarr

2288: Ten years of transformation - macroeconomic lessons

Charles Wyplosz

2287: The vicious circles of control - regional governments and insiders in privatized Russian enterprises

Raj Desai and Itzhak Goldberg

2286: Transparency, liberalization, and banking crisis

Gil Mehrez and Daniel Kaufmann

2285: Industrial environmental performance in China - the impact of inspections

Susmita Dasgupta, Benoit Laplante, Nlandu Namingi and Hua Wang

2284: The use of asset management companies in the resolution of banking crises - cross-country experience

Daniela Klingebiel

2283: New tools and new tests in comparative political economy - the database of political institutions

Thorsten Beck, George Clarke, Alberto Groff, Philip Keefer and Patrick Walsh

2282: Managing fiscal risk in Bulgaria

Hana Brixi, Sergei Shatalov and Leila Zlaoui

2281: External sustainability: a stock equilibrium perspective

Cesar Calderon, Norman Loayza and Luis Servén