NBER Working Papers

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8978: The Distribution of Tax Burdens: An Introduction

Gilbert Metcalf and Don Fullerton

8977: Patent Protection and Innovation Over 150 Years

Josh Lerner

8976: Intellectual Property, Antitrust and Strategic Behavior

Dennis Carlton and Robert H. Gertner

8975: Understanding the Black-White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School

Roland Fryer and Steven Levitt

8974: The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence and Policy

Lucian Bebchuk, John C. Coates Iv and Guhan Subramanian

8973: Democratic Policy Making with Real-Time Agenda Setting: Part 1

B. Douglas Bernheim, Antonio Rangel and Luis Rayo

8972: The Use and Meaning of Words in Central Banking: Inflation Targeting, Credibility, and Transparency

Benjamin M. Friedman

8971: Technological Superiority and the Losses from Migration

Donald Davis and David Weinstein

8970: Asset Prices in a Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework

Stephen Cecchetti, Hans Genberg and Sushil Wadhwani

8969: Paper millionaires: How valuable is stock to a stockholder who is restricted from selling it?

Matthias Kahl, Jun Liu and Francis Longstaff

8968: Accountability, Incentives and Behavior: The Impact of High-Stakes Testing in the Chicago Public Schools

Brian A. Jacob

8967: Capital Account Liberalization, Institutions and Financial Development: Cross Country Evidence

Menzie Chinn and Hiro Ito

8966: Boom-Busts in Asset Prices, Economic Instability, and Monetary Policy

Michael Bordo and Olivier Jeanne

8965: Studying Ourselves: The Academic Labor Market

Ronald Ehrenberg

8964: Where the boys aren't: Non-cognitive skills, returns to school and the gender gap in higher education

Brian A. Jacob

8963: The Modern History of Exchange Rate Arrangements: A Reinterpretation

Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff

8962: Estimating Price Elasticities When there is Smuggling: The Sensitivity of Smoking to Price in Canada

Jonathan Gruber, Anindya Sen and Mark Stabile

8961: Equity Volatility and Corporate Bond Yields

John Campbell and Glen B. Taksler

8960: Trade Credit, Financial Intermediary Development and Industry Growth

Raymond Fisman and Inessa Love

8959: Micro Effects of Macro Announcements: Real-Time Price Discovery in Foreign Exchange

Torben Andersen, Tim Bollerslev, Francis Diebold and Clara Vega

8958: Social Security and Democracy

Casey Mulligan, Ricard Gil and Xavier Sala-i-Martin

8957: The Complexion Gap: The Economic Consequences of Color among Free African Americans in the Rural Antebellum South

Howard Bodenhorn

8956: Closed-Form Likelihood Expansions for Multivariate Diffusions

Yacine Ait-Sahalia

8955: From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution Since 1500

Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey Williamson

8954: Going Public When You Can in Biotechnology

Michael Darby and Lynne Zucker

8953: Odious Debt

Michael Kremer and Seema Jayachandran

8952: Economic Development as Self-Discovery

Ricardo Hausmann and Dani Rodrik

8951: IMF Programs: Who is Chosen and What Are the Effects?

Robert Barro and Jong-Wha Lee

8950: Why Should Emerging Economies Give up National Currencies: A Case for 'Institutions Substitution'

Enrique Mendoza

8949: Efficiency and Equity in Schools around the World

Eric Hanushek and Javier A. Luque

8948: Economic Interpretations of Intergenerational Correlations

Nathan Grawe and Casey Mulligan

8947: Growing by Leaps and Inches: Creative Destruction, Real Cost Reduction, and Inching Up

Michael Darby and Lynne Zucker

8946: The Growth of Obesity and Technological Change: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination

Darius Lakdawalla and Tomas Philipson

8945: Homeownership in the Immigrant Population

George Borjas

8944: Nonparametric Option Pricing under Shape Restrictions

Yacine Ait-Sahalia and Jefferson Duarte

8943: Network Externalities and Technology Adoption: Lessons from Electronic Payments

Gautam Gowrisankaran and Joanna Stavins

8942: The Curley Effect

Edward Glaeser and Andrei Shleifer

8941: Estimation and Identification of Structural Parameters in the Presence of Multiple Equilibria

Russell Cooper

8940: The NAIRU in Theory and Practice

Laurence Ball and N. Gregory Mankiw

8939: Debt Relief and Fiscal Sustainability

Sebastian Edwards

8938: The Mildest Recession: Output, Profits, and Stock Prices as the U.S. Emerges from the 2001 Recession

William Nordhaus

8937: Liquidity Shortages and Banking Crises

Douglas Diamond and Raghuram Rajan

8936: Medicaid Managed Care and Infant Health: A National Evaluation

Robert Kaestner, Lisa Dubay and Genevieve Kenney

8935: The New Economy and the Challenges for Macroeconomic Policy

Stephen Cecchetti

8934: Exchange Rate Pass-Through into Import Prices: A Macro or Micro Phenomenon?

Jose Campa and Linda Goldberg

8933: The World Distribution of Income (estimated from Individual Country Distributions)

Xavier Sala-i-Martin

8932: Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?

Robert Kaestner and June O'Neill

8931: Religion and Political Economy in an International Panel

Robert Barro and Rachel M. McCleary

8930: Modern Hyper- and High Inflations

Stanley Fischer, Ratna Sahay and Carlos Vegh

8929: Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise: Comment

Bruce Blonigen, Ronald Davies and Keith Head

8928: Financial Intermediation

Gary Gorton and Andrew Winton

8927: A Century of Current Account Dynamics

Alan Taylor

8926: The Effects of Gun Prevalence on Burglary: Deterrence vs Inducement

Philip J Cook and Jens Ludwig

8925: Inflation Targeting: Should It Be Modeled as an Instrument Rule or a Targeting Rule?

Lars Svensson

8924: Social Security Privatization Reform and Labor Markets: The Case of Chile

Sebastian Edwards and Alejandra Cox Edwards

8923: Does Local Financial Development Matter?

Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza and Luigi Zingales

8922: Risk Reduction in Large Portfolios: Why Imposing the Wrong Constraints Helps

Ravi Jagannathan and Tongshu Ma

8921: The Governance of Not-For-Profit Firms

Edward Glaeser

8920: Wealth Accumulation and the Propensity to Plan

John Ameriks, Andrew Caplin and John Leahy

8919: Stochastic Technical Progress, Nearly Smooth Trends and Distinct Business Cycles

Julio Rotemberg

8918: Remedial Education and Student Achievement: A Regression-Discontinuity Analysis

Brian A. Jacob and Lars Lefgren

8917: Minimum Standards and Insurance Regulation: Evidence from the Medigap Market

Amy Finkelstein

8916: The Impact of Teacher Training on Student Achievement: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from School Reform Efforts in Chicago

Brian A. Jacob and Lars Lefgren

8915: The Rising (and then Declining) Significance of Gender

Claudia Goldin

8914: Is Foreign Exchange Intervention Effective?: The Japanese Experiences in the 1990s

Takatoshi Ito

8913: The Property Tax as a Tax on Value: Deadweight Loss

Richard Arnott and Petia Petrova

8912: Expectation Traps and Monetary Policy

Stefania Albanesi, Varadarajan Chari and Lawrence Christiano

8911: Social Security and Elderly Living Arrangements

Gary V. Engelhardt, Jonathan Gruber and Cynthia D. Perry

8910: Employment Relationships in the New Economy

David Neumark and Deborah Reed

8909: On the Timeliness of Tax Reform

James Hines

8908: Capital Account Liberalization: Allocative Efficiency or Animal Spirits?

Anusha Chari and Peter Henry

8907: Physician Income Prediction Errors: Sources and Implications for Behavior

Sean Nicholson and Nicholas Souleles

8906: Junior Must Pay: Pricing the Implicit Put in Privatizing Social Security

George Constantinides, John B. Donaldson and Rajnish Mehra

8905: Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Volatility in a Small Open Economy

Jordi Galí and Tommaso Monacelli

8904: The Disturbing "Rise" of Global Income Inequality

Xavier Sala-i-Martin

8903: Can the New Deal's Three R's Be Rehabilitated? A Program-by-Program, County-by-County Analysis

Price Fishback, Shawn Kantor and John Joseph Wallis

8902: The Welfare of Children During the Great Depression

Price Fishback, Michael Haines and Shawn Kantor

8901: Cap and Trade Policies in the Presence of Monopoly and Distortionary Taxation

Don Fullerton and Gilbert Metcalf

8900: Financial Opening: Evidence and Policy Options

Joshua Aizenman

8899: HMO Penetration, Ownership Status, and the Rise of Hospital Advertising

Jason R. Barro and Michael Chu

8898: Teacher Quality and the Future of America

Peter Temin

8897: Geography, Economic Policy, and Regional Development in China

Sylvie Démurger, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Wing Woo, Shuming Bao, Gene Chang and Andrew Mellinger

8896: Limited Asset Market Participation and the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution

Annette Vissing-Jorgensen

8895: Comovement

Nicholas Barberis, Andrei Shleifer and Jeffrey Wurgler

8894: Exports and Manufacturing Productivity in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis with Firm-Level Data

Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Giuseppe Iarossi and Kenneth Sokoloff

8893: The Policy Context and Infant and Toddler Care in the Welfare Reform Era

Ann Witte, Magaly Queralt, Robert Witt and Harriet Griesinger

8892: Policy-Driven Productivity in Chile and Mexico in the 1980s and 1990s

Raphael Bergoeing, Patrick Kehoe, Timothy Kehoe and Raimundo Soto

8891: Strengthening Employment-Based Pensions in Japan

Robert L. Clark and Olivia Mitchell

8890: Courts: the Lex Mundi Project

Simeon Djankov, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez- de-Silane and Andrei Shleifer

8889: Comparative Advantage, Learning, and Sectoral Wage Determination

Robert Gibbons, Lawrence Katz, Thomas Lemieux and Daniel Parent

8888: Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinationals and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

Gunnar Eskeland and Ann Harrison

8887: Global Capital Flows and Financing Constraints

Ann Harrison, Inessa Love and Margaret McMillan

8886: Take-Up Rates and Trade Offs After the Age of Entitlement: Some Thoughts and Empirical Evidence for Child Care Subsidies

Ann Dryden Witte and Magaly Queralt

8885: The Role of Information and Social Interactions in Retirement Plan Decisions: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment

Esther Duflo and Emmanuel Saez

8884: Towards an Explanation of Household Portfolio Choice Heterogeneity: Nonfinancial Income and Participation Cost Structures

Annette Vissing-Jorgensen

8883: Middlemen versus Market Makers: A Theory of Competitive Exchange

John Rust and George Hall

8882: The Non-Optimality of Proposed Monetary Policy Rules Under Timeless-Perspective Commitment

Christian Jensen and Bennett McCallum

8881: The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity

Marc Melitz

8880: Credit Frictions and 'Sudden Stops' in Small Open Economies: An Equilibrium Business Cycle Framework for Emerging Markets Crises

Cristina Arellano and Enrique Mendoza

8879: Dollarization and Trade

Michael Klein