NBER Working Papers

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22211: Growth of income and welfare in the U.S, 1979-2011

John Komlos

22210: The History and Economics of Safe Assets

Gary Gorton

22209: Who Sold During the Crash of 2008-9? Evidence from Tax-Return Data on Daily Sales of Stock

Jeffrey Hoopes, Patrick Langetieg, Stefan Nagel, Daniel Reck, Joel Slemrod and Bryan Stuart

22208: Volatility Managed Portfolios

Alan Moreira and Tyler Muir

22207: The Long-term Consequences of Teacher Discretion in Grading of High-stakes Tests

Rebecca Diamond and Petra Persson

22206: Disability policies: Reform strategies in a comparative perspective

René Böheim and Thomas Leoni

22205: The 'Pupil' Factory: Specialization and the Production of Human Capital in Schools

Roland Fryer

22204: Who Wants Affordable Housing in their Backyard? An Equilibrium Analysis of Low Income Property Development

Rebecca Diamond and Timothy McQuade

22203: Image Versus Information: Changing Societal Norms and Optimal Privacy

S. Nageeb Ali and Roland Benabou

22202: Who Gets Hired? The Importance of Finding an Open Slot

Edward Lazear, Kathryn Shaw and Christopher T. Stanton

22201: The Economics of Bank Supervision

Thomas Eisenbach, David Lucca and Robert Townsend

22200: The Effect of Weight on Labor Market Outcomes: an Application of Genetic Instrumental Variables

Petri Böckerman, John Cawley, Jutta Viinikainen, Terho Lehtimäki, Suvi Rovio, Ilkka Seppälä, Jaakko Pehkonen and Olli Raitakari

22199: Mortality Inequality: The Good News from a County-Level Approach

Janet Currie and Hannes Schwandt

22198: The 'Real' Explanation of the PPP Puzzle

Nicholas Ford and Charles Horioka

22197: How a Minimum Carbon Price Commitment Might Help to Internalize the Global Warming Externality

Martin Weitzman

22196: The Role of the Growth of Risk-Averse Wealth in the Decline of the Safe Real Interest Rate

Robert Hall

22195: Competition and Bank Liquidity Creation

Liangliang Jiang, Ross Levine and Chen Lin

22194: Are Settlements in Patent Litigation Collusive? Evidence from Paragraph IV Challenges

Eric Helland and Seth Seabury

22193: What Motivates Effort? Evidence and Expert Forecasts

Stefano DellaVigna and Devin Pope

22192: Colonial American Paper Money and the Quantity Theory of Money: An Extension

Farley Grubb

22191: How Migration Can Change Income Inequality?

Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka

22190: What Explains the Flow of Foreign Fighters to ISIS?

Efraim Benmelech and Esteban Klor

22189: Motivating Effort In Contributing to Public Goods Inside Organizations: Field Experimental Evidence

Andrea Blasco, Olivia S. Jung, Karim R. Lakhani and Michael Menietti

22188: Decomposing Duration Dependence in a Stopping Time Model

Fernando E. Alvarez, Katarína Borovičková and Robert Shimer

22187: The Age Twist in Employers’ Gender Requests: Evidence from Four Job Boards

Miguel Delgado Helleseter, Peter Kuhn and Kailing Shen

22186: Homophily and Transitivity in Dynamic Network Formation

Bryan Graham

22185: Collective Action by Contract: Prior Appropriation and the Development of Irrigation in the Western United States

Bryan Leonard and Gary Libecap

22184: The Impact of the Civil War on Southern Wealth Holders

Brandon Dupont and Joshua Rosenbloom

22183: Bond Risk Premia in Consumption-based Models

Drew Creal and Jing Cynthia Wu

22182: Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage in Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States

Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz and Daniela Zapata

22181: Climate Econometrics

Solomon M. Hsiang

22180: Bias against Novelty in Science: A Cautionary Tale for Users of Bibliometric Indicators

Jian Wang, Reinhilde Veugelers and Paula Stephan

22179: Nutrient Intake: A Cross-National Analysis of Trends and Economic Correlates

Dhaval Dave, Nadia Doytch and Inas Kelly

22178: Does Trade Liberalization with China Influence U.S. Elections?

Yi Che, Yi Lu, Justin Pierce, Peter Schott and Zhigang Tao

22177: Raise Rates to Raise Inflation? Neo-Fisherianism in the New Keynesian Model

Julio Garin, Robert Lester and Eric Sims

22176: Technology, Skill and the Wage Structure

Nancy L. Stokey

22175: Distance and Time Effects in Swedish Commodity Prices, 1732–1914

Mario Crucini and Gregor Smith

22174: Social Mobility and Stability of Democracy: Re-evaluating De Tocqueville

Daron Acemoglu, Georgy Egorov and Konstantin Sonin

22173: Preference for the Workplace, Human Capital, and Gender

Matthew Wiswall and Basit Zafar

22172: Secular Stagnation in the Open Economy

Gauti Eggertsson, Neil R. Mehrotra and Lawrence Summers

22171: Selective Hearing: Physician-Ownership and Physicians' Response to New Evidence

David H. Howard, Guy David and Jason Hockenberry

22170: The Effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Wellbeing

Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestner, Bhashkar Mazumder, Sarah Miller and Ashley Wong

22169: Organizational Complexity and Balance Sheet Management in Global Banks

Nicola Cetorelli and Linda Goldberg

22168: The Importance of Family Income in the Formation and Evolution of Non-Cognitive Skills in Childhood

Jason Fletcher and Barbara Wolfe

22167: Decision Theoretic Approaches to Experiment Design and External Validity

Abhijit Banerjee, Sylvain Chassang and Erik Snowberg

22166: Stirring Up a Hornets' Nest: Geographic Distribution of Crime

Sebastian Galiani, Ivan Lopez Cruz and Gustavo Torrens

22165: The Causes and Consequences of Test Score Manipulation: Evidence from the New York Regents Examinations

Thomas Dee, Will Dobbie, Brian A. Jacob and Jonah Rockoff

22164: The Effect of Aid on Growth: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

Sebastian Galiani, Stephen Knack, Lixin Xu and Ben Zou

22163: The Limited Macroeconomic Effects of Unemployment Benefit Extensions

Gabriel Chodorow-Reich and Loukas Karabarbounis

22162: Term Structures of Asset Prices and Returns

David Backus, Nina Boyarchenko and Mikhail Chernov

22161: Coordinated Noise Trading: Evidence from Pension Fund Reallocations

Zhi Da, Borja Larrain, Clemens Sialm and José Tessada

22160: Innovation in the Global Firm

L. Kamran Bilir and Eduardo Morales

22159: Temporary Migration and Endogenous Risk Sharing in Village India

Melanie Morten

22158: Paving the Way to Development: Costly Migration and Labor Market Integration

Melanie Morten and Jaqueline Oliveira

22157: Can Currency Competition Work?

Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde and Daniel Sanches

22156: Optimal Contracting with Subjective Evaluation: The Effects of Timing, Malfeasance and Guile

W. Bentley Macleod and Teck Yong Tan

22155: Canary in a Coal Mine: Infant Mortality, Property Values, and Tradeoffs Associated with Mid-20th Century Air Pollution

Karen Clay, Joshua Lewis and Edson Severnini

22154: Differences in Quarterly Utilization-Adjusted TFP by Vintage, with an Application to News Shocks

Eric Sims

22153: Corporate Resilience to Banking Crises: The Roles of Trust and Trade Credit

Ross Levine, Chen Lin and Wensi Xie

22152: The Deposits Channel of Monetary Policy

Itamar Drechsler, Alexi Savov and Philipp Schnabl

22151: Learning, Career Paths, and the Distribution of Wages

Santiago Caicedo, Robert Lucas and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg

22150: Levered Returns

Ivo Welch

22149: Faculty Preferences over Unionization: Evidence from Open Letters at Two Research Universities

Joel Waldfogel

22148: The Real Effects of Liquidity During the Financial Crisis: Evidence from Automobiles

Efraim Benmelech, Ralf R. Meisenzahl and Rodney Ramcharan

22147: Measuring Openness to Trade

Michael Waugh and B Ravikumar

22146: Uninformative Feedback and Risk Taking: Evidence from Retail Forex Trading

Itzhak Ben-David, Justin Birru and Viktor Prokopenya

22145: The Global Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity: Nature, History, and the Role of Trade

J. Vernon Henderson, Tim L. Squires, Adam Storeygard and David Weil

22144: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Critical Transitions

Lee Alston, Marcus Melo, Bernardo Mueller and Carlos Pereira

22143: Crash Beliefs From Investor Surveys

William Goetzmann, Dasol Kim and Robert Shiller

22142: Are Online and Offline Prices Similar? Evidence from Large Multi-Channel Retailers

Alberto Cavallo

22141: Financial Dampening

Johannes Wieland and Mu-Jeung Yang

22140: Supply-Side Policies in the Depression: Evidence from France

Jérémie Cohen-Setton, Joshua Hausman and Johannes Wieland

22139: Optimal Reserves in Financially Closed Economies

Olivier Jeanne and Damiano Sandri

22138: Preferential Trade Agreements

Nuno Limão

22137: The Inclusive Cost of Pandemic Influenza Risk

Victoria Fan, Dean T. Jamison and Lawrence Summers

22136: Animal Spirits in a Monetary Model

Roger Farmer and Konstantin Platonov

22135: The Theory of Unconventional Monetary Policy

Roger Farmer and Pawel Zabczyk

22134: Rethinking Performance Evaluation

Campbell Harvey and Yan Liu

22133: On the Optimal Inflation Rate

Markus Brunnermeier and Yuliy Sannikov

22132: Government Old-Age Support and Labor Supply: Evidence from the Old Age Assistance Program

Daniel Fetter and Lee Lockwood

22131: Clans, Guilds, and Markets: Apprenticeship Institutions and Growth in the Pre-Industrial Economy

David de la Croix, Matthias Doepke and Joel Mokyr

22130: The Production of Human Capital in Developed Countries: Evidence from 196 Randomized Field Experiments

Roland Fryer

22129: The Discounted Euler Equation: A Note

Alisdair McKay, Emi Nakamura and Jon Steinsson

22128: Market Reforms in the Time of Imbalance

Matteo Cacciatore, Romain Duval, Giuseppe Fiori and Fabio Ghironi

22127: Tax Benefits for College Attendance

Susan Dynarski and Judith Scott-Clayton

22126: Targeted or Universal Coverage? Assessing Heterogeneity in the Effects of Universal Childcare

Michael J. Kottelenberg and Steven Lehrer

22125: Quantitative Models of Sovereign Debt Crises

Mark Aguiar, Satyajit Chatterjee, Harold Cole and Zachary Stangebye

22124: Crowdsourcing City Government: Using Tournaments to Improve Inspection Accuracy

Edward Glaeser, Andrew Hillis, Scott Kominers and Michael Luca

22123: Viewpoint: The Human Capital Approach to Inference

W. Bentley Macleod

22122: Neoclassical Models in Macroeconomics

Gary Hansen and Lee Ohanian

22121: Can Iron-Fortified Salt Control Anemia? Evidence from Two Experiments in Rural Bihar

Abhijit Banerjee, Sharon Barnhardt and Esther Duflo

22120: Academics vs. Athletics: Career Concerns for NCAA Division I Coaches

Christopher Avery, Brian Cadman and Gavin Cassar

22119: International Shocks and Domestic Prices: How Large Are Strategic Complementarities?

Mary Amiti, Oleg Itskhoki and Jozef Konings

22118: Beyond Job Lock: Impacts of Public Health Insurance on Occupational and Industrial Mobility

Ammar Farooq and Adriana Kugler

22117: Labor Market Institutions in the Gilded Age of American Economic History

Suresh Naidu and Noam Yuchtman

22116: The Risk Anomaly Tradeoff of Leverage

Malcolm Baker, Mathias F. Hoeyer and Jeffrey Wurgler

22115: Industry Familiarity and Trading: Evidence from the Personal Portfolios of Industry Insiders

Itzhak Ben-David, Justin Birru and Andrea Rossi

22114: Rethinking Deindustrialization

Andrew Bernard, Valerie Smeets and Frédéric Warzynski

22113: Field Experiments in Markets

Omar Al-Ubaydli and John List

22112: Interactions Between Family and School Environments: Evidence on Dynamic Complementarities?

Leonard Goff, Ofer Malamud, Cristian Pop-Eleches and Miguel Urquiola