NBER Working Papers

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28211: Efficient Programs to Support Businesses During and After Lockdowns

Thomas Philippon

28210: Polluting Public Funds: The Effect of Environmental Regulation on Municipal Bonds

Akshaya Jha, Stephen Karolyi and Nicholas Muller

28209: Rules, Discretion, and Corruption in Procurement: Evidence from Italian Government Contracting

Francesco Decarolis, Raymond Fisman, Paolo Pinotti and Silvia Vannutelli

28208: The Value of Time in the United States: Estimates from Nationwide Natural Field Experiments

Ariel Goldszmidt, John List, Robert Metcalfe, Ian Muir, V. Kerry Smith and Jenny Wang

28207: Financial Fragility during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Robert L. Clark, Annamaria Lusardi and Olivia Mitchell

28206: Job Satisfaction Over the Life Course

David Blanchflower and Alex Bryson

28205: School’s Out: Experimental Evidence on Limiting Learning Loss Using “Low-Tech” in a Pandemic

Noam Angrist, Peter Bergman and Moitshepi Matsheng

28204: Granular Instrumental Variables

Xavier Gabaix and Ralph Koijen

28203: Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Commercialization of Academic Science: Evidence from “Twin” Discoveries

Matt Marx and David H. Hsu

28202: Police Force Size and Civilian Race

Aaron Chalfin, Benjamin Hansen, Emily K. Weisburst and Morgan C. Williams, Jr.

28201: Credit Frictions in the Great Recession

Patrick Kehoe, Pierlauro Lopez, Virgiliu Midrigan and Elena Pastorino

28200: COVID and the Economic Importance of In-Person K-12 Schooling

David Green, Ali Karimirad, Gaëlle Simard-Duplain and Henry E. Siu

28199: Is Air Pollution Regulation Too Lenient? Evidence from US Offset Markets

Joseph S. Shapiro and Reed Walker

28198: The Remarkable Growth in Financial Economics, 1974-2020

G. William Schwert

28197: Zombies at Large? Corporate Debt Overhang and the Macroeconomy

Oscar Jorda, Martin Kornejew, Moritz Schularick and Alan Taylor

28196: Cybersecurity Risk

Chris Florackis, Christodoulos Louca, Roni Michaely and Michael Weber

28195: Do Enlarged Fiscal Deficits Cause Inflation: The Historical Record

Michael Bordo and Mickey D. Levy

28194: Who Benefits From Attending Effective High Schools?

C. Kirabo Jackson, Shanette C. Porter, John Q. Easton and Sebastián Kiguel

28193: A Unified Model of Cohort Mortality for Economic Analysis

Adriana Lleras-Muney and Flavien Moreau

28192: Toward a Uniform Classification of Nurse Practitioner Scope of Practice Laws

Benjamin J. McMichael and Sara Markowitz

28191: The Career Evolution of the Sex Gap in Wages: Discrimination vs. Human Capital Investment

David Neumark and Giannina Vaccaro

28190: The Political Economy of Deep Integration

Giovanni Maggi and Ralph Ossa

28189: Horizonal Merger Analysis

Louis Kaplow

28188: Effects of English Learner Reclassification Policies on Academic Trajectories

Julian Betts, Laura Hill, Karen Bachofer, Joseph Hayes, Andrew Lee and Andrew Zau

28187: Modern US Workers’ Compensation and Work-Related Injury: No Evidence of Moral Hazard

Emiliano Huet-Vaughn and Youssef Benzarti

28186: A Theory of the Nominal Character of Stock Securities

Bernard Dumas and Marcel Savioz

28185: Firms' Exposures to Geographic Risks

Bernard Dumas, Tymur Gabuniya and Richard C. Marston

28184: Common Shocks in Stocks and Bonds

Anna Cieslak and Hao Pang

28183: Gender Differences in Negotiation and Policy for Improvement

Maria Recalde and Lise Vesterlund

28182: Stay-at-Home Orders in a Fiscal Union

Mario Crucini and Oscar O'Flaherty

28181: Urban Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition

David Jacks, Krishna Pendakur and Hitoshi Shigeoka

28180: The Effect of Computer-Assisted Learning on Students' Long-Term Development

Nicola Bianchi, Yi Lu and Hong Song

28179: The Impact of Organizational Boundaries on Healthcare Coordination and Utilization

Leila Agha, Keith Ericson and Xiaoxi Zhao

28178: Dynamical Structure and Spectral Properties of Input-Output Networks

Ernest Liu and Aleh Tsyvinski

28177: GDP, Wellbeing, and Health: Thoughts on the 2017 Round of the International Comparison Program

Angus Deaton and Paul Schreyer

28176: Divided We Fall: International Health and Trade Coordination During a Pandemic

Viral Acharya, Zhengyang Jiang, Robert Richmond and Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden

28175: The Distributional Effects of Student Loan Forgiveness

Sylvain Catherine and Constantine Yannelis

28174: TFPR: Dispersion and Cyclicality

Russell Cooper and Özgen Öztürk

28173: Do State Tobacco 21 Laws Work?

Calvin Bryan, Benjamin Hansen, Drew McNichols and Joseph J. Sabia

28172: Did COVID-19 Change Life Insurance Offerings?

Timothy F. Harris, Aaron Yelowitz and Charles Courtemanche

28171: Natural Barriers and Policy Barriers

Yang Jiao and Shang-Jin Wei

28170: The Rise of State-Connected Private Owners in China

Chong-En Bai, Chang-Tai Hsieh, Zheng Michael Song and Xin Wang

28169: Labor Market Implications of Education MisMatch

Carla Varona Cervantes and Russell Cooper

28168: Designing Advance Market Commitments for New Vaccines

Michael Kremer, Jonathan Levin and Christopher M. Snyder

28167: Jim Crow in the Saddle: The Expulsion of African American Jockeys from American Racing

Michael Leeds and Hugh Rockoff

28166: How Spillovers from Appointment Reminders Improve Health Clinic Efficiency

Claire E. Boone, Pablo Celhay, Paul Gertler, Tadeja Gracner and Josefina Rodriguez

28165: Estimating Preferences for Neighborhood Amenities Under Imperfect Information

Fernando Ferreira and Maisy Wong

28164: Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity-based Discrimination in Access to Mental Health Care: Evidence from an Audit Correspondence Field Experiment

Luca Fumarco, Benjamin Harrell, Patrick Button, David Schwegman and E Dils

28163: Local Sectoral Specialization in a Warming World

Bruno Conte, Klaus Desmet, David Nagy and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg

28162: Why is End-of-Life Spending So High? Evidence from Cancer Patients

Dan Zeltzer, Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein, Tzvi Shir, Salomon M. Stemmer and Ran D. Balicer

28161: Aggregate Advertising Expenditure in the U.S. Economy: What's Up? Is It Real?

Alvin Silk and Ernst R. Berndt

28160: The Color of Money: Federal vs. Industry Funding of University Research

Tania Babina, Alex Xi He, Sabrina T. Howell, Elisabeth Perlman and Joseph Staudt

28159: Nothing but the Truth? Private Information and Reporting on Corporate Social Responsibility

Jean-Etienne de Bettignies, Hua Fang Liu and David Robinson

28158: The Effect of Occupational Licensing Stringency on the Teacher Quality Distribution

Bradley Larsen, Ziao Ju, Adam Kapor and Chuan Yu

28157: The Children of HOPE VI Demolitions: National Evidence on Labor Market Outcomes

John C. Haltiwanger, Mark Kutzbach, Giordano Palloni, Henry Pollakowski, Matthew Staiger and Daniel Weinberg

28156: ESG Preference, Institutional Trading, and Stock Return Patterns

Jie Cao, Sheridan Titman, Xintong Zhan and Weiming Zhang

28155: How Does Cost-Sharing Impact Spending Growth and Cost-Effective Treatments? Evidence from Deductibles

Claudio Lucarelli, Molly Frean, Aliza S. Gordon, Lynn M. Hua and Mark Pauly

28154: Black and White: Access to Capital among Minority-Owned Startups

Robert Fairlie, Alicia Robb and David Robinson

28153: Employer Neighborhoods and Racial Discrimination

Amanda Agan and Sonja B. Starr

28152: Lockdowns and Innovation: Evidence from the 1918 Flu Pandemic

Enrico Berkes, Olivier Deschenes, Ruben Gaetani, Jeffrey Lin and Christopher Severen

28151: Revenue Collapses and the Consumption of Small Business Owners in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Olivia S. Kim, Jonathan Parker and Antoinette Schoar

28150: Taxing Our Wealth

Florian Scheuer and Joel Slemrod

28149: Production Networks and International Fiscal Spillovers

Michael Devereux, Karine Gente and Changhua Yu

28148: All Aboard: The Effects of Port Development

César Ducruet, Réka Juhász, David Nagy and Claudia Steinwender

28147: Reconciling the Conflicting Narratives on Poverty in China

Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion

28146: The HOLC Maps: How Race and Poverty Influenced Real Estate Professionals’ Evaluation of Lending Risk in the 1930s

Price Fishback, Jessica LaVoice, Allison Shertzer and Randall Walsh

28145: On the Effects of the Availability of Means of Payments: The Case of Uber

Fernando E. Alvarez and David Argente

28144: The U-shape of Happiness in Scotland

David N.F. Bell and David Blanchflower

28143: Happiness and Aging in the United States

David Blanchflower and Carol Graham

28142: The Economic Consequences of Sir Robert Peel: A Quantitative Assessment of the Repeal of the Corn Laws

Douglas Irwin and Maksym Chepeliev

28141: Earnings Dynamics and Intergenerational Transmission of Skill

Lance Lochner and Youngmin Park

28140: Inference on Risk Premia in Continuous-Time Asset Pricing Models

Yacine Ait-Sahalia, Jean Jacod and Dacheng Xiu

28139: Mandated and Voluntary Social Distancing During The COVID-19 Epidemic: A Review

Sumedha Gupta, Kosali I. Simon and Coady Wing

28138: We are all Behavioral, More or Less: A Taxonomy of Consumer Decision Making

Victor Stango and Jonathan Zinman

28137: Mediating Conflict in the Lab

Alessandra Casella, Evan Friedman and Manuel Perez Archila

28136: Auto Dealer Loan Intermediation: Consumer Behavior and Competitive Effects

Andreas Grunewald, Jonathan A. Lanning, David C. Low and Tobias Salz

28135: Designing Efficient Contact Tracing Through Risk-Based Quarantining

Andrew Perrault, Marie Charpignon, Jonathan Gruber, Milind Tambe and Maimuna Majumder

28134: Private Equity Returns: Empirical Evidence from the Business Credit Card Securitization Market

Matthias Fleckenstein and Francis Longstaff

28133: Consumer Surplus of Alternative Payment Methods: Paying Uber with Cash

Fernando E. Alvarez and David Argente

28132: Geospatial Analysis of the September 2020 Coronavirus Outbreak at the University of Wisconsin – Madison: Did a Cluster of Local Bars Play a Critical Role?

Jeffrey E. Harris

28131: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Policy Response on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from County-level Medical Claims and Cellphone data

Jonathan H. Cantor, Neeraj Sood, Dena Bravata, Megan Pera and Christopher Whaley

28130: Policy Instrument Choice with Coasean Provision of Public Goods

Christopher Costello and Matthew Kotchen

28129: Improving Public Sector Management at Scale? Experimental Evidence on School Governance India

Karthik Muralidharan and Abhijeet Singh

28128: Cite Unseen: Theory and Evidence on the Effect of Open Access on Cites to Academic Articles Across the Quality Spectrum

Mark J. McCabe and Christopher Snyder

28127: The Value of a Cure: An Asset Pricing Perspective

Viral Acharya, Timothy Johnson, Suresh Sundaresan and Steven Zheng

28126: Migration and Fiscal Externality: US vs. Europe

Assaf Razin

28125: The Stability and Predictive Power of Financial Literacy: Evidence from Longitudinal Data

Marco Angrisani, Jeremy Burke, Annamaria Lusardi and Gary Mottola

28124: Liquidity Risk at Large U.S. Banks

Laurence Ball

28123: Foreign Shocks as Granular Fluctuations

Julian di Giovanni, Andrei Levchenko and Isabelle Mejean

28122: How Do Mass Shootings Affect Community Wellbeing?

Aparna Soni and Erdal Tekin

28121: Consumer Vulnerability and Behavioral Biases

Hanming Fang and Zenan Wu

28120: Public Mobility Data Enables COVID-19 Forecasting and Management at Local and Global Scales

Cornelia Ilin, Sébastien Annan-Phan, Xiao Hui Tai, Shikhar Mehra, Solomon M. Hsiang and Joshua Blumenstock

28119: The Collateral Link between Volatility and Risk Sharing

Sebastian Infante and Guillermo Ordonez

28118: Open Banking: Credit Market Competition When Borrowers Own the Data

Zhiguo He, Jing Huang and Jidong Zhou

28117: Fiscal Policy in Europe: A Helicopter View

Florin Bilbiie, Tommaso Monacelli and Roberto Perotti

28116: The Effects of Incentivizing Early Prenatal Care on Infant Health

Kamila Cygan-Rehm and Krzysztof Karbownik

28115: De-Globalisation? Global Value Chains in the Post-COVID-19 Age

Pol Antras

28114: Indirect Costs of Government Aid and Intermediary Supply Effects: Lessons From the Paycheck Protection Program

Tetyana Balyuk, Nagpurnanand R. Prabhala and Manju Puri

28113: LATE for History

Alberto Bisin and Andrea Moro

28112: Revenge of the Experts: Will Covid-19 Renew or Diminish Public Trust in Science?

Barry Eichengreen, Cevat Giray Aksoy and Orkun Saka