NBER Working Papers

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33662: Measuring Human Leadership Skills with AI Agents

Ben Weidmann, Yixian Xu and David Deming

33661: Credit, Land Speculation, and Low-Interest-Rate Policy

Tomohiro Hirano and Joseph Stiglitz

33660: Voluntary Report of Standardized Test Scores: An Experimental Study

Marty Haoyuan Chen and Ginger Zhe Jin

33659: The Effects of Eviction on Children

Robert Collinson, Deniz Dutz, John Humphries, Nicholas S. Mader, Daniel Tannenbaum and Winnie van Dijk

33658: Information-Concealing Credit Architecture

Gary Gorton, Ye Li and Guillermo Ordonez

33657: Leaving Money on the Table

Mackenzie Alston, Tatyana Deryugina and Olga Shurchkov

33656: Counting the Poor: The Liquidity-Adjusted Supplemental Expenditure Poverty Measure

Sung Ah Bahk, John Fitzgerald and Robert Moffitt

33655: Asylum Seekers and the Rise in Homelessness

Bruce Meyer, Angela Wyse and Douglas Williams

33654: Failures of Contingent Reasoning in Annuitization Decisions

Erzo Luttmer, Priscila de Oliveira and Dmitry Taubinsky

33653: Workplace Segregation between College and Non-college Workers

Francis M. Dillon, Edward Glaeser and William Kerr

33652: Sorting to Expensive Cities

Cécile Gaubert and Frederic Robert-Nicoud

33651: Asset Embeddings

Xavier Gabaix, Ralph Koijen, Robert Richmond and Motohiro Yogo

33650: AI as Strategist

Joshua Gans

33649: The Memory Premium

Yuval Salant, Jörg Spenkuch and David Almog

33648: Moral Hazard under Liquidity Constraints

Keith Marzilli Ericson, Johannes G. Jaspersen and Justin R. Sydnor

33647: Global Spillovers of Climate Policy Shocks

Julian di Giovanni, Galina Hale, Neel Lahiri and Anirban Sanyal

33646: Estimating the Footprint of Artisanal Mining in Africa

Darin Christensen, Tamma Carleton, Esther Rolf, Cullen Molitor, Shopnavo Biswas, Karena Yan and Graeme Blair

33645: The Conflict-of-Interest Discount in the Marketplace of Ideas

John Barrios, Filippo Lancieri, Joshua Levy, Shashank Singh, Tommaso Valletti and Luigi Zingales

33644: The Effects of Deleting Medical Debt from Consumer Credit Reports

Victor Duarte, Julia Fonseca, Divij Kohli and Julian Reif

33643: Non-Wage Amenities

Alexandre Mas

33642: Non-User Utility and Market Power: The Case of Smartphones

Leonardo Bursztyn, Rafael Jiménez-Durán, Aaron Leonard, Filip Milojević and Christopher Roth

33641: The Cybernetic Teammate: A Field Experiment on Generative AI Reshaping Teamwork and Expertise

Fabrizio Dell'Acqua, Charles Ayoubi, Hila Lifshitz, Raffaella Sadun, Ethan Mollick, Lilach Mollick, Yi Han, Jeff Goldman, Hari Nair, Stewart Taub and Karim Lakhani

33640: The Tokenomics of Staking

Lin Cong, Zhiheng He and Ke Tang

33639: Financial and Informational Integration Through Oracle Networks

Lin Cong, Eswar Prasad and Daniel Rabetti

33638: The Bullwhip: Time-to-Build and Sectoral Fluctuations

Yan Leng, Ernest Liu, Yifei Ren and Aleh Tsyvinski

33637: Interim Valuations, Predictability, and Outcomes in Private Equity

Ege Y. Ercan, Steven N. Kaplan and Ilya Strebulaev

33636: Firm Selection and Growth in Carbon Offset Markets: Evidence from the Clean Development Mechanism

Qiaoyi Chen, Nicholas Ryan and Yi Xu

33635: Instrumental Variables Methods Reveal Larger Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy in the Landmark Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trial

Joshua Angrist, Amanda Kowalski, Ljubica Ristovska and Marcia L. Stefanick

33634: A Theory of Endogenous Degrowth and Environmental Sustainability

Philippe Aghion, Timo Boppart, Michael Peters, Matthew Schwartzman and Fabrizio Zilibotti

33633: Private Benefits from Public Investment in Climate Adaptation and Resilience

Jacob Bradt and Joseph Aldy

33632: Investing in Children to Address the Child Mental Health Crisis

Janet Currie

33631: Where Have All the Good Jobs Gone? Changes in the Geography of Work in the US, 1980-2021

Gordon Hanson and Enrico Moretti

33630: Experiments: Why, How, and A Users Guide for Producers as well as Consumers

Muriel Niederle

33629: Class Disparities and Discrimination in Traffic Stops and Searches

Benjamin Feigenberg and Conrad Miller

33628: Hotelling Meets Keynes: Aggregate Adjustment with Spatial Competition and Nominal Rigidity

Stephanie Schmitt-Grohe and Martín Uribe

33627: Indirect Cost Recovery in U.S. Innovation Policy: History, Evidence, and Avenues for Reform

Pierre Azoulay, Daniel Gross and Bhaven Sampat

33626: Revolving Door Laws and Political Selection

Raymond Fisman, Jetson Leder-Luis, Catherine M. O'Donnell and Silvia Vannutelli

33625: The Research Behavior of Individual Investors

Toomas Laarits and Jeffrey Wurgler

33624: Mechanism Design for Personalized Policy: A Field Experiment Incentivizing Exercise

Rebecca Dizon-Ross and Ariel D. Zucker

33623: The Impact of Increased Exposure of Diversity on Suburban Students' Outcomes: An Analysis of the METCO Voluntary Desegregation Program

Elizabeth Setren

33622: Putting School Surveys to the Test

Joshua Angrist, Peter Hull, Russell Legate-Yang, Parag A. Pathak and Christopher R. Walters

33621: The Menopause "Penalty"

Gabriella Conti, Rita Ginja, Petra Persson and Barton Willage

33620: Choosing Wisely: Evaluating Latent Factor Models in the Presence of a Contaminated Instrumental Variable with Varying Strength

Souvik Banerjee, Anirban Basu and Shubham Das

33619: A Geospatial Approach to Measuring Economic Activity

Anton Yang, Jianwei Ai and Costas Arkolakis

33618: Credit Card Entrepreneurs

Ufuk Akcigit, Raman Singh Chhina, Seyit Cilasun, Javier Miranda and Nicolas Serrano-Velarde

33617: Subscriptions to Prescriptions: Lessons from Louisiana’s Effort to Eliminate Hepatitis C

James Flynn, Bethany Lemont and Barton Willage

33616: How to Sell Public Debt in Uncertain Times

Harold Cole, Daniel Neuhann and Guillermo Ordonez

33615: The Rise and Fall (and Rise) of the Affordable Care Act: Varying Impacts on Coverage Over Time and Place

Gabriella Aboulafia, Jonathan Gruber and Benjamin D. Sommers

33614: The Macroeconomic Dynamics of Labor Market Policies

Erik Hurst, Patrick Kehoe, Elena Pastorino and Thomas Winberry

33613: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Measurement of Telework During and Shortly After the Pandemic—an On-the-Ground Perspective

Anne Polivka, Mary Dorinda Allard and Emy Sok

33612: Sources of Generational Persistence in the Effects of Early-Life Health Interventions

Sara Sofie Abrahamsson, Aline Bütikofer, Katrine Løken and Marianne Page

33611: Impact Investing and Worker Outcomes

Josh Lerner, Markus Lithell and Gordon Phillips

33610: The Role of Risk and Ambiguity Preferences on Early-Childhood Investment: Evidence from Rural India

Michael Cuna, Lenka Fiala, Min Sok Lee, John List and Sutanuka Roy

33609: Spatial Sorting and Inequality

Rebecca Diamond and Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato

33608: The Inverted U-Shaped Relationship between Female Entrepreneurship and Economic Development

Nava Ashraf, Alexia Delfino, Edward Glaeser and Irene Solmone

33607: Correcting Endogeneity via Nonparametric Copula Control Functions

Xixi Hu, Yi Qian and Hui Xie

33606: A Bid Strategy for Earlier Payment: Evidence and Implications of Front-End Loading in Procurement

Justin Marion and Benjamin Rosa

33605: The Value of Worker Rights in Collective Bargaining

Benjamin W. Arold, Elliott Ash, W. Bentley Macleod and Suresh Naidu

33604: Can Treasury Markets Add and Subtract?

Roberto Gomez Cram, Howard Kung and Hanno Lustig

33603: Robots and Crime

Yang Liang, Joseph J. Sabia and Dhaval Dave

33602: How Much Should We Spend to Reduce A.I.'s Existential Risk?

Charles Jones

33601: Profitability Retrospective: What Have We Learned?

Robert Novy-Marx and Mamdouh Medhat

33600: The Long Shadow of Early Education: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in the Philippines

Thomas Lloyd and Dean Yang

33599: Beyond Tariffs: How Did China’s State–Owned Enterprises Shape the US–China Trade War?

Felipe Benguria and Felipe Saffie

33598: Cloze Encounters: The Impact of Pirated Data Access on LLM Performance

Stella Jia and Abhishek Nagaraj

33597: Sewers and Urbanization in the Developing World

Sean McCulloch, Matthew P. Schaelling, Matthew Turner and Toru Kitagawa

33596: Does Fund Size Affect Private Equity Performance? Evidence from Donation Inflows to Private Universities

Abhishek Bhardwaj, Abhinav Gupta, Sabrina T. Howell and Kyle Zimmerschied

33595: Homeownership and Attention to Inflation: Evidence from Information Treatments

Jessica Piccolo and Yuriy Gorodnichenko

33594: Optimal Formula Instruments

Kirill Borusyak and Peter Hull

33593: Strategic Digitization in Currency and Payment Competition

Lin Cong and Simon Mayer

33592: The Economics of Healthcare Fraud

Jetson Leder-Luis and Anup Malani

33591: Political Ideology and U.S. Electric Vehicle Adoption

Lucas Davis, Jing Li and Katalin Springel

33590: Shadow Always Touches the Feet: Implications of Bank Credit Lines to Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries

Viral Acharya, Manasa Gopal, Maximilian Jager and Sascha Steffen

33589: Growth and Fluctuations Economies with Land Speculation

Tomohiro Hirano and Joseph Stiglitz

33588: Defensive Hiring and Creative Destruction

Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde, Yang Yu and Francesco Zanetti

33587: Liquidity Crises and the Market-Maker of Last Resort

Charles Kahn, David Marshall and Robert L. McDonald

33586: Uprootedness, Human Capital, and Skill Transferability

Stelios Michalopoulos, Elie Murard, Elias Papaioannou and Seyhun Orcan Sakalli

33585: The Evolution of Inflation Targeting from the 1990s to the 2020s: Developments and Challenges

Frederic Mishkin and Michael Kiley

33584: The Short-Run Effects of Congestion Pricing in New York City

Cody Cook, Aboudy Kreidieh, Shoshana Vasserman, Hunt Allcott, Neha Arora, Freek van Sambeek, Andrew Tomkins and Eray Turkel

33583: The Rise of Healthcare Jobs

Joshua Gottlieb, Neale Mahoney, Kevin Rinz and Victoria Udalova

33582: The New Geography of Labor Markets

Mert Akan, Jose Maria Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Thomas Bowen, Shelby R. Buckman, Steven Davis and Hyoseul Kim

33581: Why Are Nordic Workers so Remote?: Potential Causes and (Some) Indirect Labor Market Consequences

Adam Gill, Lena Hensvik and Oskar Skans

33580: The Origins and Evolution of Occupational Licensing in the United States

Nicholas A. Carollo, Jason F. Hicks, Andrew Karch and Morris M. Kleiner

33579: Recombinant Innovation, Novel Ideas, and the Start of Nobel Prize-Winning Work

John Ham, Brian Quistorff and Bruce A. Weinberg

33578: Rules versus Discretion in Capital Regulation

Urban Jermann and Haotian Xiang

33577: Should Friday be the New Saturday? Hours Worked and Hours Wanted

Gregor Jarosch, Laura Pilossoph and Anthony Swaminathan

33576: Supply Constraints do not Explain House Price and Quantity Growth Across U.S. Cities

Schuyler Louie, John A. Mondragon and Johannes Wieland

33575: Racial Disparities and Bias in Consumer Bankruptcy

Bronson Argyle, Sasha Indarte, Benjamin Iverson and Christopher Palmer

33574: Human Capital at Home: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in the Philippines

Noam Angrist, Sarah Kabay, Dean Karlan, Lincoln Lau and Kevin Wong

33573: Expert Patients’ Use of Avoidable Health Care

Pragya Kakani, Simone Matecna and Amitabh Chandra

33572: Expropriation Without Compensation: Copper in Chile, 1970-1973

Sebastian Edwards

33571: From Access to Wellness: Early Life Exposure to Abortion Legalization and the Next Generation’s Health

Hamid Noghanibehambari, David Slusky and Hoa Vu

33570: Standardized Test Scores and Academic Performance at Ivy-Plus Colleges

John N. Friedman, Bruce Sacerdote, Doug Staiger and Michele Tine

33569: The Effects of Competition in the Retail Gasoline Industry

Reid Taylor and Erich Muehlegger

33568: Recovering Credible Trade Elasticities from Incredible Trade Reforms

George Alessandria, Shafaat Khan, Armen Khederlarian, Kim Ruhl and Joseph B. Steinberg

33567: A Guide to Macroeconomics and Climate Change

Adrien Bilal and James Stock

33566: A Quest for AI Knowledge

Joshua Gans

33565: A Test of the Efficiency of a Given Portfolio in High Dimensions

Mikhail Chernov, Bryan T. Kelly, Semyon Malamud and Johannes Schwab

33564: Methane Abatement Costs in the Oil and Gas Industry: Survey and Synthesis

Joseph Aldy, Forest L. Reinhardt and Robert Stavins

33563: The Academic Consequences of Affirmative Action Bans Combined with Diversity Targets

Eric Zitzewitz