NBER Working Papers

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34252: Business Owners and the Self-Employed: Thirty-Three Million (and Counting!)

Christopher Goetz, Henry Hyatt, Zachary Kroff, Kristin Sandusky and Martha Stinson

34251: Human Capital and Racial Inequality in the US Labor Market

Owen Thompson

34250: Deep Learning for Solving Economic Models

Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde

34249: More to Live for: Health Investment Responses to Expected Retirement Wealth in Chile

Grant Miller, Nieves Valdés and Marcos Vera-Hernandez

34248: Substituting Talent with Transactions: Acquisitions as Responses to Immigration Restrictions

Jens Friedmann, Britta Glennon and Exequiel Hernandez

34247: Utilitarian or Quantile-Welfare Evaluation of Health Policy?

Charles Manski and John Mullahy

34246: Segregation, Spillovers, and the Locus of Racial Change

Donald Davis, Matthew Easton and Stephan Thies

34245: Abortion, Economic Hardship, and Crime

Erkmen Aslim, Wei Fu, Caitlin Myers, Erdal Tekin and Bingjin Xue

34244: Exposure to Science and Scientific Careers: Evidence from Minimum Wage Increases and University Lab Employment

Ina Ganguli and Raviv Murciano-Goroff

34243: Do Markets Believe in Transformative AI?

Isaiah Andrews and Maryam Farboodi

34242: Inward and Outward Migration under Shifting Legal-Democratic Regimes

Assaf Razin

34241: The Theory of Financial Stability Meets Reality: A Unifying Framework for Bank Regulation and Accounting Discretion

Nina Boyarchenko, Kinda Hachem and Anya V. Kleymenova

34240: Automation-Induced Innovation Shift

Lin Cong, Yao Lu, Hanqing Shi and Wu Zhu

34239: Social Substitution? Time Use Responses to Increased Workplace Isolation

Benjamin Cowan and Todd R. Jones

34238: Measuring Neighborhood Change: The Issue of Ex Post Borders

Edward Glaeser, Joseph Gyourko and Braydon Neiszner

34237: Regulating Biological Resources: Lessons From Marine Fisheries in the United States

Eyal G. Frank and Kimberly Oremus

34236: Tariffs, Manufacturing Employment, and Supply Chains

Joseph Steinberg

34235: Is Managed Care Effective in Long-term Care Settings? Evidence from Medicare Institutional Special Needs Plans

Momotazur Rahman, Brian McGarry, Elizabeth M. White, David C. Grabowski and Cyrus M. Kosar

34234: The Foreign Currency Fisher Channel: Evidence from Households

Győző Gyöngyösi, Judit Rariga and Emil Verner

34233: Efficiency Costs of Incomplete Markets

David R. Baqaee and Ariel Burstein

34232: Should States Reduce Teacher Licensing Requirements? Evidence from the Rise of For-Profit Training Programs in Texas

Christa Deneault and Evan Riehl

34231: Happier at Work? The Impact of Working at an Employee-Owned Firm and Working from Home on Job Satisfaction

Richard Freeman and Huanan Xu

34230: Preferences, Beliefs, and Demand for the Flu Vaccine

Daniel W. Sacks and Justin R. Sydnor

34229: Latent Polarization

Klaus Desmet, Ignacio Ortuño-Ortín and Romain Wacziarg

34228: Five Facts About the First-Generation Excellence Gap

Uditi Karna, John List, Andrew Simon and Haruka Uchida

34227: Earnings Instability

Peter Ganong, Pascal J. Noel, Christina Patterson, Joseph Vavra and Alexander Weinberg

34226: Measuring FDI and Trade-related Interdependence Across Countries: The Case of the United States and China

Zhi Wang, Shang-Jin Wei, Xinding Yu and Kunfu Zhu

34225: The Industrial Revolution in the United States: 1790-1870

Joshua Rosenbloom

34224: Characterizing Optimality in Dynamic Settings: A Monotonicity-based Approach

Zhuokai Huang, Demian Pouzo and Andres Rodriguez-Clare

34223: Artificial Writing and Automated Detection

Brian Jabarian and Alex Imas

34222: Missing Markets for Innovation: Evidence from New Uses of Existing Drugs

Eric Budish, Maya M. Durvasula, Benjamin N. Roin and Heidi Williams

34221: College Loans and Human Capital Investment

Chao Fu, Hsuan-Chih Lin and Atsuko Tanaka

34220: Banks’ Images: Evidence from Advertising Videos

Xugan Chen, Allen Hu and Song Ma

34219: Laboratories of Autocracy: Landscape of Central–Local Dynamics in China’s Policy Universe

Kaicheng Luo, Shaoda Wang and David Yang

34218: Robust Bounds on Optimal Tax Progressivity

Anmol Bhandari, Jaroslav Borovička and Yuki Yao

34217: Global Working Hours

Amory Gethin and Emmanuel Saez

34216: When Decentralization Works: Leadership, Local Needs, and Student Achievement

C. Kirabo Jackson

34215: Job Mismatch and Early Career Success

Julie Cullen, Gordon Dahl and Richard De Thorpe

34214: Adaptation Through Experience or Description? Evidence from an Experiment on Efficient Coding

Cary Frydman and Lawrence Jin

34213: Public R&D Meets Economic Development: Embrapa and Brazil’s Agricultural Revolution

Ariel Akerman, Jacob Moscona, Heitor Pellegrina and Karthik Sastry

34212: International Students, Immigration Policies and Implications for Innovation

Ina Ganguli and Megan MacGarvie

34211: Managerial Incentives, Financial Innovation, and Risk-Management Policies

Son Ku Kim, Seung Joo Lee and Sheridan Titman

34210: Expectation Response Functions in Dynamic Linear Economies

Ryan Chahrour and Kyle Jurado

34209: Does Tax Avoidance Trickle Down? Evidence from a Field Experiment

Justin Holz, Ricardo Perez-Truglia and Alejandro Zentner

34208: A Chip Off the Old Block? Genetics and the Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status

Sjoerd van Alten, Silvia Barcellos, Leandro Carvalho, Titus Galama and Marina Aguiar Palma

34207: The Algorithm Advantage: Ranked Application Systems Outperform Decentralized and Common Applications in Boston and Beyond

Christopher Avery, Geoffrey Kocks and Parag A. Pathak

34206: Tariffs, Trade Wars, and the Natural Rate of Interest

Neil Mehrotra and Michael Waugh

34205: Adapting for scale: Experimental Evidence on Technology-aided Instruction in India

Karthik Muralidharan and Abhijeet Singh

34204: Place-Based Variation in Health Care: Evidence from Mandatory Movers in the U.S. Military Health System

William P. Luan, Roxana Leal, John S. Zhou and Jonathan Skinner

34203: Firm Ownership and Pollution

Tsz Chun Kwok, Daniel Spiro and Arthur A. van Benthem

34202: AI Agents for Economic Research

Anton Korinek

34201: A Discrete Choice Analysis of Consumer Decisions: Nicotine Products in an Illicit Market

Asena Caner, Belgi Turan, Berna Tari Kasnakoğlu, Yenal Can Yiğit, Donald Kenkel and Alan Mathios

34200: Beyond the Taylor Rule

Emi Nakamura, Venance Riblier and Jon Steinsson

34199: In Money, We Survive: The Effects of Social Security Retirement Income on Longevity

Hamid Noghanibehambari and Jason Fletcher

34198: Malfunctioning Democracies: Understanding Accountability Failures in Developing Countries

Claudio Ferraz and Frederico Finan

34197: Understanding Patenting Disparities via Causal Human+Machine Learning

Lin Cong and Stephen Q. Yang

34196: Smart Power Limits: Designing Shortage Mechanisms for Extreme Events

Mar Reguant and Mayra Wagner

34195: The Impact of Geopolitical Risk on Consumer Expectations and Spending

Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Dimitris Georgarakos, Geoff Kenny and Olivier Coibion

34194: Superstar Firms through the Generations

Yueran Ma, Benjamin Pugsley, Haomin Qin and Kaspar Zimmermann

34193: Overlapping Generations Models, Multiplicity of Steady States and Momentary Equilibria, and Economic Fluctuations

Tomohiro Hirano and Joseph Stiglitz

34192: Tariffs as Fiscal Policy

Kimberly Clausing and Maurice Obstfeld

34191: Navigating Medicaid: Experimental Evidence on Administrative Burden and Coverage Loss

Rebecca Myerson, Allison Espeseth and Laura Dague

34190: Good Rents versus Bad Rents: R&D Misallocation and Growth

Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, Peter J. Klenow and Huiyu Li

34189: The Future of Foreign Trade

Elhanan Helpman

34188: Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Firm Wage Premia

Marcelo Bergolo, Rodrigo Ceni, Mathias Fondo and Damián Vergara

34187: Endogenous Firm Ownership in General Equilibrium

Joshua Gans

34186: Union Bargaining Power and the Amenity-Wage Tradeoff

Lorenzo Lagos

34185: The Medium Matters: Medical Decision-Making in Telemedicine versus In-person Care

Alexandra Steiny Wellsjo, Paul Gertler, Ada Kwan, Eric Remera, Piero Irakiza, Jeanine Condo and James Humuza

34184: Equality Before the Law in U.S. Civil War Courts-Martial

Dora Costa and Ziqi Zhao

34183: Productivity and Wedges: Economic Convergence and the Real Exchange Rate

Michael Devereux, Ippei Fujiwara and Camilo Granados

34182: Local Problems, Local Solutions: Evidence from the Drug-Free Communities Program on Youth Development

Shijun You, Wei Fu and Shin-Yi Chou

34181: Openness and Growth: A Comparison of the Experiences of China and Mexico

Timothy Kehoe and Xing Xu

34180: Labor and Product Market Power, Endogenous Quality, and the Consolidation of the US Hospital Industry

Bradley Setzler

34179: The Effects of Parental Income and Family Structure on Intergenerational Mobility: A Trajectories-Based Approach

Yoosoon Chang, Steven Durlauf, Bo Hu and Joon Park

34178: Serial Acquisitions in Tech

Ginger Zhe Jin, Mario Leccese, Liad Wagman and Yunfei Wang

34177: Reserves, Sanctions and Tariffs in a Time of Uncertainty

Menzie Chinn, Jeffrey Frankel and Hiro Ito

34176: Aggregate Efficiency with Heterogeneous Agents

David Baqaee and Ariel Burstein

34175: Selection Bias and Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force

Felipe M. Gonçalves, Steven Mello and Emily K. Weisburst

34174: How Retrainable are AI-Exposed Workers?

Benjamin Hyman, Benjamin Lahey, Karen Ni and Laura Pilossoph

34173: Streaks to Success? The Effects of Highlighting Streaks on Student Effort and Learning

Raphaëlle Aulagnon, Julian Cristia, Santiago Cueto and Ofer Malamud

34172: Outsourcing, Labor Market Frictions, and Employment

Mayara Felix and Michael B. Wong

34171: General Laws and the Emergence of Durable Political Parties: The Case of Pennsylvania

Naomi R. Lamoreaux and John Joseph Wallis

34170: How Much Tax Do US Billionaires Pay? Evidence from Administrative Data

Akcan S. Balkir, Emmanuel Saez, Danny Yagan and Gabriel Zucman

34169: Hopping on an Earlier Flight: Optimal Waiting with Multiple Flights

Joshua Gans

34168: Clinician Behavior When Skin-Tone Affects Test Results

Marcella Alsan, Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein and Jonathan Zhang

34167: Religion in Emerging and Developing Regions

Sara Lowes, Benjamin Marx and Eduardo Montero

34166: Practical Finance: An Approximate Solution to Lifecycle Portfolio Choice

James Choi, Canyao Liu and Pengcheng Liu

34165: Robinson Meets Roy: Monopsony Power and Comparative Advantage

Mark Bils, Baris Kaymak and Kai-Jie Wu

34164: College Application Mistakes and the Design of Information Policies at Scale

Tomás Larroucau, Ignacio A. Rios, Anaïs Fabre and Christopher Neilson

34163: Model Uncertainty and Measures of Inequality of Opportunity

Giovanni Bernardo, Steven Durlauf, Andros Kourtellos and Chih Ming Tan

34162: Corporate Hierarchy

Michael Ewens and Xavier Giroud

34161: Misinformation and Mistrust: The Equilibrium Effects of Fake Reviews on Amazon.com

Ashvin Gandhi, Brett Hollenbeck and Zhijian Li

34160: Scalable Expertise: How Standardization Drives Scale and Scope

David Argente, Sara Moreira, Ezra Oberfield and Venky Venkateswaran

34159: Expecting Harm? The Impact of Rural Hospital Acquisitions on Maternal Health Care

David Dranove, Martin Gaynor and Eilidh Geddes

34158: Which Individuals Create Jobs? Managerial Talent and Occupational Skills

Marc-Andreas Muendler, James Rauch and Sérgio Koyama

34157: Composition Beats Collapse: Insights from the Bisin–Verdier Model on Endogenous Fertility Reversal

Sebastian Galiani and Raul A. Sosa

34156: The Risk Protection Value of Moral Hazard

Angelique Acquatella and Victoria Marone

34155: onetary Economics at 30: A Reexamination of the Relevance of Money in Cashless Limiting Monetary Economies

Ricardo Lagos

34154: The Passthrough of Treasury Supply to Bank Deposit Funding

Wenhao Li, Yiming Ma and Yang Zhao

34153: The Breakdown of the English Society of Orders: The Role of the Industrial Revolution

Cara Ebert, Leander Heldring, James Robinson and Sebastian Vollmer