NBER Working Papers

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30711: The Impact of School Spending on Civic Engagement: Evidence from School Finance Reforms

Erdal Asker, Eric Brunner and Stephen Ross

30710: Cultural Stereotypes of Multinational Banks

Barry Eichengreen and Orkun Saka

30709: Central Bank Digital Currencies, an Old Tale With a New Chapter

Michael Bordo and William Roberds

30708: Demand for ESG

Malcolm Baker, Mark L. Egan and Suproteem K. Sarkar

30707: How do Workers and Households Adjust to Robots? Evidence from China

Osea Giuntella, Yi Lu and Tianyi Wang

30706: (Un)Conventional Monetary and Fiscal Policy

Jing Cynthia Wu and Yinxi Xie

30705: Economic Research on Privacy Regulation: Lessons from the GDPR and Beyond

Garrett Johnson

30704: Scaling Agricultural Policy Interventions

Lauren F. Bergquist, Benjamin Faber, Thibault Fally, Matthias Hoelzlein, Edward Miguel and Andres Rodriguez-Clare

30703: A Quantity-Based Approach to Constructing Climate Risk Hedge Portfolios

Georgij Alekseev, Stefano Giglio, Quinn Maingi, Julia Selgrad and Johannes Stroebel

30702: Regulating Untaxable Externalities: Are Vehicle Air Pollution Standards Effective and Efficient?

Mark R. Jacobsen, James M. Sallee, Joseph S. Shapiro and Arthur A. van Benthem

30701: What Do Changes in State Test Scores Imply for Later Life Outcomes?

Elena Doty, Thomas J. Kane, Tyler Patterson and Douglas O. Staiger

30700: Using Measures of Race to Make Clinical Predictions: Decision Making, Patient Health, and Fairness

Charles Manski, John Mullahy and Atheendar Venkataramani

30699: Picking Winners? Government Subsidies and Firm Productivity in China

Lee Branstetter, Guangwei Li and Mengjia Ren

30698: Taxes and the Labor Supply of the Stars

Daniel Keniston and Abigail Allison M. Peralta

30697: How do Behavioral Approaches to Increase Savings Compare? Evidence from Multiple Interventions in the U.S. Army

Richard Patterson and William Skimmyhorn

30696: Financial Regret at Older Ages and Longevity Awareness

Abigail Hurwitz and Olivia Mitchell

30695: Internal Adjustment Costs of Firm-Specific Factors and the Neoclassical Theory of the Firm

V.K. Chetty and James J. Heckman

30694: Measuring Religion from Behavior: Climate Shocks and Religious Adherence in Afghanistan

Oeindrila Dube, Joshua Blumenstock and Michael Callen

30693: Maternal and Infant Health Inequality: New Evidence from Linked Administrative Data

Kate Kennedy-Moulton, Sarah Miller, Petra Persson, Maya Rossin-Slater, Laura Wherry and Gloria Aldana

30692: Inflation Hedging on Main Street? Evidence from Retail TIPS Fund Flows

Stefan Nagel and Zhen Yan

30691: The Cost of Regulatory Compliance in the United States

Francesco Trebbi and Miao Ben Zhang

30690: Money (Not) to Burn: Payments for Ecosystem Services to Reduce Crop Residue Burning

B. Kelsey Jack, Seema Jayachandran, Namrata Kala and Rohini Pande

30689: Supply Chain Resilience: Evidence from Indian Firms

Gaurav Khanna, Nicolas Morales and Nitya Pandalai-Nayar

30688: Predictable Price Pressure

Samuel M. Hartzmark and David H. Solomon

30687: Employee Evaluation and Skill Investments: Evidence from Public School Teachers

Eric S. Taylor

30686: Teachers’ Use of Class Time and Student Achievement

Simon Burgess, Shenila Rawal and Eric S. Taylor

30685: Families, Labor Markets, and Policy

Stefania Albanesi, Claudia Olivetti and Barbara Petrongolo

30684: The Impact of Oil and Gas Extraction on Infant Health

Elaine L. Hill

30683: Responsible Sourcing? Theory and Evidence from Costa Rica

Alonso Alfaro-Ureña, Benjamin Faber, Cecile Gaubert, Isabela Manelici and Jose Vasquez

30682: Funding Black High-Growth Startups

Lisa Cook, Matt Marx and Emmanuel Yimfor

30681: International Climate Agreements and the Scream of Greta

Giovanni Maggi and Robert W. Staiger

30680: Overcoming Behavioral Impediments to Maternal Care: Experimental Evidence on Domain Knowledge and Nudgeability from Recalcitrant Pakistan

Musharraf R. Cyan, Resul Cesur, Yasin Civelek, Bauyrzhan Yedgenov and Richard Rothenberg

30679: Cognitive Decline and Dynamic Selection

Michael Darden

30678: On the Geographic Implications of Carbon Taxes

Bruno Conte, Klaus Desmet and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg

30677: Subjective Evaluations and Stratification in Graduate Education

Jessica Bai, Matthew Esche, W. Bentley Macleod and Yifan Shi

30676: Does "Made in China 2025" Work for China? Evidence from Chinese Listed Firms

Lee Branstetter and Guangwei Li

30675: How Much Lifetime Social Security Benefits Are Americans Leaving On the Table?

David Altig, Laurence Kotlikoff and Victor Yifan Ye

30674: Does War Foster Cooperation or Parochialism? Evidence from a Natural Experiment among Turkish Conscripts

Arzu Kibris and Resul Cesur

30673: Global Profit Shifting, 1975-2019

Ludvig S. Wier and Gabriel Zucman

30672: Scope, Scale and Concentration: The 21st Century Firm

Gerard Hoberg and Gordon Phillips

30671: Intellectual Property Protection Lost and Competition: An Examination Using Machine Learning

Utku U. Acikalin, Tolga Caskurlu, Gerard Hoberg and Gordon Phillips

30670: Can Anti-Vaping Policies Curb Drinking Externalities? Evidence from E-Cigarette Taxation and Traffic Fatalities

Dhaval Dave, Yang Liang, Johanna Maclean, Joseph J. Sabia and Matthew Braaksma

30669: Targeting Precision Medicine: Evidence from Prenatal Screening

Peter Conner, Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein, Petra Persson and Heidi Williams

30668: Distributional Effects of Local Minimum Wages: A Spatial Job Search Approach

Petra Todd and Weilong Zhang

30667: Should Central Banks Have an Inequality Objective?

Roberto Chang

30666: US Immigration from Latin America in Historical Perspective

Gordon Hanson, Pia Orrenius and Madeline Zavodny

30665: Can Information and Advising Affect Postsecondary Participation and Attainment for Non-Traditional Students? Evidence from a Large-Scale Experiment with the U.S. Army

Andrew C. Barr, Kelli A. Bird, Ben Castleman and William Skimmyhorn

30664: Firm Responses to State Hiring Subsidies: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from a Tax Credit Formula

Benjamin G. Hyman, Matthew Freedman, Shantanu Khanna and David Neumark

30663: The Gift of a Lifetime: The Hospital, Modern Medicine, and Mortality

Alex Hollingsworth, Krzysztof Karbownik, Melissa Thomasson and Anthony Wray

30662: The Remote Work Revolution: Impact on Real Estate Values and the Urban Environment

Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh

30661: Who Benefits from Hazardous Waste Cleanups? Evidence from the Housing Market

Alecia Cassidy, Elaine L. Hill and Lala Ma

30660: Sea Level Rise Exposure and Municipal Bond Yields

Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Matthew T. Gustafson, Ryan C. Lewis and Michael Schwert

30659: Automation and the Workforce: A Firm-Level View from the 2019 Annual Business Survey

Daron Acemoglu, Gary W. Anderson, David N. Beede, Catherine Buffington, Eric E. Childress, Emin Dinlersoz, Lucia Foster, Nathan Goldschlag, John C. Haltiwanger, Zachary Kroff, Pascual Restrepo and Nikolas Zolas

30658: Heterogeneity in Damages from A Pandemic

Amy Finkelstein, Geoffrey Kocks, Maria Polyakova and Victoria Udalova

30657: The Big Three and Board Gender Diversity: The Effectiveness of Shareholder Voice

Todd A. Gormley, Vishal K. Gupta, David A. Matsa, Sandra C. Mortal and Lukai Yang

30656: Collaboration Between and Within Groups

Matias Iaryczower, Santiago Oliveros and Parth Parihar

30655: Identification and Estimation of Continuous-Time Job Search Models with Preference Shocks

Peter Arcidiacono, Attila Gyetvai, Arnaud Maurel and Ekaterina S. Jardim

30654: Investment and Subjective Uncertainty

Nicholas Bloom, Steven Davis, Lucia Foster, Scott Ohlmacher and Itay Saporta-Eksten

30653: Public Childcare, Labor Market Outcomes of Caregivers, and Child Development: Experimental Evidence from Brazil

Orazio Attanasio, Ricardo Paes de Barros, Pedro Carneiro, David Evans, Lycia Lima, Pedro Olinto and Norbert Schady

30652: Inflation and Capital Flows

Julien Bengui and Louphou Coulibaly

30651: Experience Rating as an Automatic Stabilizer

Mark Duggan, Andrew Johnston and Audrey Guo

30650: Trade and Selection with Heterogeneous Firms and Perfect Competition

Xue Bai, Arpita Chatterjee, Kala Krishna and Hong Ma

30649: The Economics of Carbon Accounting and Carbon Offsets

Geoffrey Heal

30648: Valuing Excess Deaths Caused by Climate Change

R. Daniel Bressler and Geoffrey Heal

30647: The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession on Less Educated Women's Human Capital: Some Projections

Mark M. Drozd, Robert Moffitt and Xinyu Zhao

30646: Racial and Ethnic Inequality and the China Shock

Lisa B. Kahn, Lindsay Oldenski and Geunyong Park

30645: Communicating Social Security Reform

Andrew Caplin, Eungik Lee, Søren Leth-Petersen and Johan Sæverud

30644: From Lapdogs to Watchdogs: Random Auditor Assignment and Municipal Fiscal Performance

Silvia Vannutelli

30643: Do Pandemics Change Healthcare? Evidence from the Great Influenza

Rui Esteves, Kris James Mitchener, Peter Nencka and Melissa Thomasson

30642: Shared Models in Networks, Organizations, and Groups

Joshua Schwartzstein and Adi Sunderam

30641: Bank Risk and Stockholding (1910-1934)

Matthew Jaremski

30640: How Has COVID-19 Impacted Disability Employment?

Ari Ne'eman and Nicole Maestas

30639: The Regulation of Medical AI: Policy Approaches, Data, and Innovation Incentives

Ariel Dora Stern

30638: A New Test for Market Efficiency and Uncovered Interest Parity

Richard Baillie, Francis Diebold, George Kapetanios and Kun Ho Kim

30637: Firm Sorting and Spatial Inequality

Ilse Lindenlaub, Ryungha Oh and Michael Peters

30636: A New Racial Disparity in Traffic Fatalities

Aaron Chalfin and Maxim N. Massenkoff

30635: Deferred Acceptance with News Utility

Bnaya Dreyfuss, Ofer Glicksohn, Ori Heffetz and Assaf Romm

30634: Give Me a Pass: Flexible Credit for Entrepreneurs in Colombia

Lasse Brune, Xavier Gine and Dean Karlan

30633: Smiles in Profiles: Improving Fairness and Efficiency Using Estimates of User Preferences in Online Marketplaces

Susan Athey, Dean Karlan, Emil Palikot and Yuan Yuan

30632: Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit for Childless Adults: A Regression Discontinuity Approach

Jonathan Meer and Joshua Witter

30631: Legal Activism, State Policy, and Racial Inequality in Teacher Salaries and Educational Attainment in the Mid-Century American South

Elizabeth Cascio and Ethan Lewis

30630: Disaggregated Economic Accounts

Asger L. Andersen, Kilian Huber, Niels Johannesen, Ludwig Straub and Emil Toft Vestergaard

30629: How Substitutable Are Workers? Evidence from Worker Deaths

Simon Jäger and Jörg Heining

30628: The NBER Orange Book Dataset: A User’s Guide

Maya Durvasula, C. Scott Hemphill, Lisa Ouellette, Bhaven N. Sampat and Heidi Williams

30627: Heterogeneity in School Value-Added and the Private Premium

Tahir Andrabi, Natalie Bau, Jishnu Das and Asim Khwaja

30626: Air Quality and Suicide

Claudia Persico and Dave Marcotte

30625: Marriage Matching over Five Centuries in China

Carol H. Shiue and Wolfgang Keller

30624: Legalizing Entrepreneurship

Dany Bahar, Bo Cowgill and Jorge Guzman

30623: National Wage Setting

Jonathon Hazell, Christina Patterson, Heather Sarsons and Bledi Taska

30622: The Effects of Combat Deployments on Veterans' Outcomes

Jesse M. Bruhn, Kyle Greenberg, Matthew Gudgeon, Evan K. Rose and Yotam Shem-Tov

30621: Subjective Performance Evaluation, Influence Activities, and Bureaucratic Work Behavior: Evidence from China

Alain de Janvry, Guojun He, Elisabeth Sadoulet, Shaoda Wang and Qiong Zhang

30620: Opening the Black Box: Task and Skill Mix and Productivity Dispersion

Glenn Blackwood, Cindy Cunningham, Matthew Dey, Lucia Foster, Cheryl Grim, John C. Haltiwanger, Rachel Nesbit, Sabrina Pabilonia, Jay Stewart, Cody Tuttle and Zoltán Wolf

30619: An Optimal Mechanism to Fund the Development of Vaccines Against Emerging Epidemics

Christopher M. Snyder, Kendall Hoyt and Dimitrios Gouglas

30618: The Impact of Large-Scale Social Media Advertising Campaigns on COVID-19 Vaccination: Evidence from Two Randomized Controlled Trials

Lisa Y. Ho, Emily Breza, Marcella Alsan, Abhijit Banerjee, Arun Chandrasekhar, Fatima Cody Stanford, Renato Fior, Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Kelly Holland, Emily Hoppe, Louis-Maël Jean, Lucy Ogbu-Nwobodo, Benjamin Olken, Carlos Torres, Pierre-Luc Vautrey, Erica Warner and Esther Duflo

30617: The Economics of Women's Rights

Michele Tertilt, Matthias Doepke, Anne Hannusch and Laura Montenbruck

30616: Improving Household Debt Management with Robo-Advice

Ida Chak, Karen Croxson, Francesco D’Acunto, Jonathan Reuter, Alberto G. Rossi and Jonathan M. Shaw

30615: The Effect of Performance Pay Incentives on Market Frictions: Evidence from Medicare

Atul Gupta, Guy David and Lucy (Kunhee) Kim

30614: Regression Discontinuity Evidence on the Effectiveness of the Minimum Legal E-Cigarette Purchasing Age

Jeffrey DeSimone, Daniel S. Grossman and Nicolas Ziebarth

30613: Understanding U.S. Inflation During the COVID Era

Laurence Ball, Daniel Leigh and Prachi Mishra

30612: AI, Skill, and Productivity: The Case of Taxi Drivers

Kyogo Kanazawa, Daiji Kawaguchi, Hitoshi Shigeoka and Yasutora Watanabe