NBER Working Papers

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29680: Liquidity, Liquidity Everywhere, Not a Drop to Use – Why Flooding Banks with Central Bank Reserves May Not Expand Liquidity

Viral Acharya and Raghuram Rajan

29679: Understanding the Ownership Structure of Corporate Bonds

Ralph Koijen and Motohiro Yogo

29678: Segregation and the Initial Provision of Water in the United States

Brian Beach, John Parman and Martin Saavedra

29677: The Second World War, Inequality and the Social Contract in Britain

Leander Heldring, James Robinson and Parker J. Whitfill

29676: Robots and Firm Investment

Efraim Benmelech and Michal Zator

29675: Slowing Women's Labor Force Participation: The Role of Income Inequality

Stefania Albanesi and María José Prados

29674: Designing Quality Certificates: Insights from eBay

Xiang Hui, Ginger Zhe Jin and Meng Liu

29673: Average Inflation Targeting: Time Inconsistency and Ambiguous Communication

Chengcheng Jia and Jing Cynthia Wu

29672: Trade Policy Uncertainty

Kyle Handley and Nuno Limão

29671: Understanding Rural Households’ Time Use in a Developing Setting: Validating a Low-Cost Time Use Module

Erica M. Field, Rohini Pande, Natalia Rigol, Simone Schaner, Elena M. Stacy and Charity Moore

29670: Spillovers at the Extremes: The Macroprudential Stance and Vulnerability to the Global Financial Cycle

Anusha Chari, Karlye Dilts Stedman and Kristin Forbes

29669: The $800 Billion Paycheck Protection Program: Where Did the Money Go and Why Did it Go There?

David Autor, David Cho, Leland Crane, Mita Goldar, Byron Lutz, Joshua K. Montes, William Peterman, David D. Ratner, Daniel Villar Vallenas and Ahu Yildirmaz

29668: Public School Access or Stay-at-Home Partner: Factors Mitigating the Adverse Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Parents

Tatyana Deryugina, Olga Shurchkov and Jenna Stearns

29667: Political Constraints and Sovereign Default

Marina Azzimonti and Nirvana Mitra

29666: Land Security and Mobility Frictions

Tasso Adamopoulos, Loren Brandt, Chaoran Chen, Diego Restuccia and Xiaoyun Wei

29665: Occupational Licensing and the Healthcare Labor Market

Marcus Dillender, Anthony T. Lo Sasso, Brian J. Phelan and Michael R. Richards

29664: A Simple Mapping from MPCs to MPXs

David Laibson, Peter Maxted and Benjamin Moll

29663: The Agglomeration of Urban Amenities: Evidence from Milan Restaurants

Marco Leonardi and Enrico Moretti

29662: Minimum Wages, Efficiency and Welfare

David Berger, Kyle Herkenhoff and Simon Mongey

29661: Health Insurance for Whom? The ‘Spill-up’ Effects of Children’s Health Insurance on Mothers

Daniel S. Grossman, Daniel Tello-Trillo and Barton Willage

29660: Schools, Job Flexibility, and Married Women's Labor Supply

Benjamin Hansen, Joseph J. Sabia and Jessamyn Schaller

29659: Effects of Daily School and Care Disruptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Mental Health

Anna Gassman-Pines, Elizabeth Ananat, John Fitz-Henley and Jane Leer

29658: The Variability and Volatility of Sleep: An ARCHetypal Behavior

Daniel Hamermesh and Gerard Pfann

29657: Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic

Stefanie Stantcheva

29656: Robustness Measures for Welfare Analysis

Zi Yang Kang and Shoshana Vasserman

29655: A New Era of Midnight Mergers: Antitrust Risk and Investor Disclosures

John Barrios and Thomas G. Wollmann

29654: Caught In The Middle: The Bias Against Startup Innovation With Technical And Commercial Challenges

Ashish Arora, Andrea Fosfuri and Thomas Roende

29653: Planning for the “Expected Unexpected”: Work and Retirement in the U.S. After the COVID-19 Pandemic Shock

Richard Freeman

29652: What Leads to Measurement Errors? Evidence from Reports of Program Participation in Three Surveys

Pablo Celhay, Bruce Meyer and Nikolas Mittag

29651: Inclusive Monetary Policy: How Tight Labor Markets Facilitate Broad-Based Employment Growth

Nittai Bergman, Benjamin Born, David A. Matsa and Michael Weber

29650: How Distortive are Turnover Taxes? Evidence from Replacing Turnover Tax with VAT

Jing Xing, Katarzyna Bilicka, Xipei Hou and Sepideh Raei

29649: A Cross-Country Comparison of Old-Age Financial Readiness in Asian Countries versus the United States: The Case of Japan and the Republic of Korea

Isaac Ehrlich and Yong Yin

29648: Household Spending Responses to the Economic Impact Payments of 2020: Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Survey

Jonathan Parker, Jake Schild, Laura Erhard and David Johnson

29647: The Moral Preferences of Investors: Experimental Evidence

Jean-François Bonnefon, Augustin Landier, Parinitha R. Sastry and David Thesmar

29646: Large Firms, Consumer Heterogeneity and the Rising Share of Profits

Robert Feenstra, Luca Macedoni and Mingzhi (Jimmy) Xu

29645: Urban Mobility and the Experienced Isolation of Students

Cody Cook, Lindsey Currier and Edward Glaeser

29644: Technology and Resilience

Diego Comin, Marcio Cruz, Xavier Cirera, Kyung Min Lee and Jesica Torres

29643: Agrarian Origins of Individualism and Collectivism

Martin Fiszbein, Yeonha Jung and Dietrich Vollrath

29642: How Do Top Acquirers Compare in Technology Mergers? New Evidence from an S&P Taxonomy

Ginger Zhe Jin, Mario Leccese and Liad Wagman

29641: The Impact of U.S. School Closures on Labor Market Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Kairon Shayne D. Garcia and Benjamin Cowan

29640: The Expected, Perceived, and Realized Inflation of U.S. Households before and during the COVID19 Pandemic

Michael Weber, Yuriy Gorodnichenko and Olivier Coibion

29639: Limited Supply and Lagging Enrollment: Production Technologies and Enrollment Changes at Community Colleges during the Pandemic

Diane Schanzenbach and Sarah Turner

29638: Financial Intermediaries and the Macroeconomy: Evidence from a High-Frequency Identification

Pablo Ottonello and Wenting Song

29637: Bounds, Benefits, and Bad Air: Welfare Impacts of Pollution Alerts

Michael Anderson, Minwoo Hyun and Jaecheol Lee

29636: Information versus Investment

Stephen Terry, Toni Whited and Anastasia Zakolyukina

29635: On the Aggregation of Probability Assessments: Regularized Mixtures of Predictive Densities for Eurozone Inflation and Real Interest Rates

Francis Diebold, Minchul Shin and Boyuan Zhang

29634: Cognitive Decline, Limited Awareness, Imperfect Agency, and Financial Well-being

John Ameriks, Andrew Caplin, Minjoon Lee, Matthew Shapiro and Christopher Tonetti

29633: Currency Carry Trade by Trucks: The Curious Case of China's Massive Imports from Itself

Xuepeng Liu, Heiwai Tang, Zhi Wang and Shang-Jin Wei

29632: Intermediation via Credit Chains

Zhiguo He and Jian Li

29631: Clubs and Networks in Economics Reviewing

Scott Carrell, David Figlio and Lester Lusher

29630: Nonprofits in Good Times and Bad Times

Christine L. Exley, Nils H. Lehr and Stephen Terry

29629: Global Innovation and Knowledge Diffusion

Nelson Lind and Natalia Ramondo

29628: Macroeconomic Research, Present and Past

Philip Glandon, Kenneth Kuttner, Sandeep Mazumder and Caleb Stroup

29627: Revealing Corruption: Firm and Worker Level Evidence from Brazil

Emanuele Colonnelli, Spyridon Lagaras, Jacopo Ponticelli, Mounu Prem and Margarita Tsoutsoura

29626: Debt as Safe Asset

Markus Brunnermeier, Sebastian A. Merkel and Yuliy Sannikov

29625: Using Bid Rotation and Incumbency to Detect Collusion: A Regression Discontinuity Approach

Kei Kawai, Jun Nakabayashi, Juan Ortner and Sylvain Chassang

29624: The Political Economy of Anti-Bribery Enforcement

Lauren Cohen and Bo Li

29623: Worker Beliefs About Outside Options

Simon Jäger, Christopher Roth, Nina Roussille and Benjamin Schoefer

29622: The Marginal Cost of Mortality Risk Reduction: Evidence from Housing Markets

Kelly Bishop, Nicolai Kuminoff, Sophie Mathes and Alvin Murphy

29621: Mandated vs. Voluntary Adaptation to Natural Disasters: The Case of U.S. Wildfires

Patrick Baylis and Judson Boomhower

29620: Estimating the Effects of Milk Inspections on Infant and Child Mortality, 1880-1910

D. Mark Anderson, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Michael McKelligott and Daniel Rees

29619: Fiscal Policy in a Networked Economy

Joel P. Flynn, Christina Patterson and John Sturm

29618: Vertical Differentiation in Frictional Product Markets

James Albrecht, Guido Menzio and Susan Vroman

29617: The Price of Nails since 1695: A Window into Economic Change

Daniel Sichel

29616: Causal Inference from Hypothetical Evaluations

B. Douglas Bernheim, Daniel Björkegren, Jeffrey Naecker and Michael Pollmann

29615: Preemptive Policies and Risk-Off Shocks in Emerging Markets

Mitali Das, Gita Gopinath and Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan

29614: Interest Received by Banks during the Financial Crisis: LIBOR vs Hypothetical SOFR Loans

Urban Jermann

29613: Physician Group Influences on Treatment Intensity and Health: Evidence from Physician Switchers

Joseph J. Doyle and Becky Staiger

29612: Trade, Human Capital, and Income Risk

Liuchun Deng, Pravin Krishna, Mine Senses and Jens Stegmaier

29611: International Trade and Innovation

Ufuk Akcigit and Marc Melitz

29610: Blackouts: The role of India's Wholesale Electricity Market

Akshaya Jha, Louis Preonas and Fiona Burlig

29609: Measuring U.S. Core Inflation: The Stress Test of COVID-19

Laurence Ball, Daniel Leigh, Prachi Mishra and Antonio Spilimbergo

29608: Race and the Mismeasure of School Quality

Joshua Angrist, Peter Hull, Parag Pathak and Christopher Walters

29607: Innovation Networks and R&D Allocation

Ernest Liu and Song Ma

29606: Zombie Lending and Policy Traps

Viral Acharya, Simone Lenzu and Olivier Wang

29605: College Majors and Skills: Evidence from the Universe of Online Job Ads

Steven W. Hemelt, Brad Hershbein, Shawn M. Martin and Kevin Stange

29604: What Drives Variation in Investor Portfolios? Estimating the Roles of Beliefs and Risk Preferences

Mark L. Egan, Alexander MacKay and Hanbin Yang

29603: Currency Wars, Trade Wars, and Global Demand

Olivier Jeanne

29602: Monetary Policy and Endogenous Financial Crises

Frédéric Boissay, Fabrice Collard, Jordi Galí and Cristina Manea

29601: Precautionary Liquidity and Worker Decisions in French Employee Saving Plans

Marie Brière, James Poterba and Ariane Szafarz

29600: From Immediate Acceptance to Deferred Acceptance: Effects on School Admissions and Achievement in England

Camille Terrier, Parag Pathak and Kevin Ren

29599: Does Physician-Hospital Vertical Integration Signal Care-Coordination? Evidence from Mover-Stayer Analyses of Commercially Insured Enrollees

William Encinosa, Avi Dor and PhuongGiang Nguyen

29598: Labor Reallocation and Remote Work During COVID-19: Real-time Evidence from GitHub

Grant R. McDermott and Benjamin Hansen

29597: Inequality in India Declined During COVID

Arpit Gupta, Anup Malani and Bartosz Woda

29596: Behavioral Responses to Supply-Side Drug Policy During the Opioid Epidemic

Simone Balestra, Helge Liebert, Nicole Maestas and Tisamarie B. Sherry

29595: Racial Inequality in Unemployment Insurance Receipt and Take-Up

Elira Kuka and Bryan Stuart

29594: International Evidence of Strengthening Taxes and Spending For Sustainable Development

Joshua Aizenman, Yothin Jinjarak, Hien Nguyen and Donghyun Park

29593: The Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution on Mental Health Outcomes

Virat Agrawal, Jonathan H. Cantor, Neeraj Sood and Christopher Whaley

29592: Spatial Equilibria: The Case of Two Regions

Konstantin Kucheryavyy, Gary Lyn and Andres Rodriguez-Clare

29591: Do Well Managed Firms Make Better Forecasts?

Nicholas Bloom, Takafumi Kawakubo, Charlotte Meng, Paul Mizen, Rebecca Riley, Tatsuro Senga and John van Reenen

29590: The COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupted Both School Bullying and Cyberbullying

Andrew Bacher-Hicks, Joshua Goodman, Jennifer G. Green and Melissa Holt

29589: Forced Displacement and Human Capital: Evidence from Separated Siblings

Giorgio Chiovelli, Stelios Michalopoulos, Elias Papaioannou and Sandra Sequeira

29588: Information, Intermediaries, and International Migration

Samuel Bazzi, Lisa Cameron, Simone Schaner and Firman Witoelar

29587: Taking the Pulse of Nations: a Biometric Measure of Well-being

David Blanchflower and Alex Bryson

29586: Inattention and Inequity in School Matching

Stefan Bucher and Andrew Caplin

29585: The Rise, Fall and Stabilization of U.S. Inflation: Shifting Regimes and Evolving Reputation

Robert King and Yang K. Lu

29584: Private but Misunderstood? Evidence on Measuring Intimate Partner Violence via Self-Interviewing in Rural Liberia and Malawi

David Sungho Park, Shilpa Aggarwal, Dahyeon Jeong, Naresh Kumar, Jonathan Robinson and Alan Spearot

29583: Lobbying Physicians: Payments from Industry and Hospital Procurement of Medical Devices

Alon Bergman, Matthew Grennan and Ashley Swanson

29582: Sufficient Statistics for Nonlinear Tax Systems with General Across-Income Heterogeneity

Antoine Ferey, Benjamin Lockwood and Dmitry Taubinsky

29581: Absenteeism, Productivity, and Relational Contracts Inside the Firm

Achyuta Adhvaryu, Jean-François Gauthier, Anant Nyshadham and Jorge A. Tamayo