NBER Working Papers

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16261: Has the European Union Achieved a Single Pharmaceutical Market?

Aysegul Timur, Gabriel Picone and Jeffrey DeSimone

16260: Exchange Market Pressure and Absorption by International Reserves: Emerging Markets and Fear of Reserve Loss During the 2008-09 Crisis

Joshua Aizenman and Michael Hutchison

16259: The Dynamic Effects of Currency Union on Trade

Paul Bergin and Ching-Yi Lin

16258: Public Monopoly and Economic Efficiency: Evidence from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board's Entry Decisions

Katja Seim and Joel Waldfogel

16257: The Importance of Segregation, Discrimination, Peer Dynamics, and Identity in Explaining Trends in the Racial Achievement Gap

Roland Fryer

16256: Racial Inequality in the 21st Century: The Declining Significance of Discrimination

Roland Fryer

16255: Asset Allocation

Jessica Wachter

16254: Report on the State of Available Data for the Study of International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment

Robert Feenstra, Robert Lipsey, Lee Branstetter, C. Fritz Foley, James Harrigan, J. Jensen, Lori Kletzer, Catherine Mann, Peter Schott and Greg Wright

16253: Decomposing the Great Trade Collapse: Products, Prices, and Quantities in the 2008-2009 Crisis

Mona Haddad, Ann Harrison and Catherine Hausman

16252: The Trend of BMI Values of US Adults by Centiles, birth cohorts 1882-1986

John Komlos and Marek Brabec

16251: Insurers' Negotiating Leverage and the External Effects of Medicare Part D

Darius Lakdawalla and Wesley Yin

16250: The Impact of Child Care Subsidies on Child Well-Being: Evidence from Geographic Variation in the Distance to Social Service Agencies

Chris M. Herbst and Erdal Tekin

16249: Emerging Local Currency Bond Markets

John Burger, Francis Warnock and Veronica Warnock

16248: The Performance Effects of IT-Enabled Knowledge Management Practices

Peter Cappelli

16247: Government Purchases Over the Business Cycle: the Role of Economic and Political Inequality

Ruediger Bachmann and Jinhui Bai

16246: Check in the Mail or More in the Paycheck: Does the Effectiveness of Fiscal Stimulus Depend on How It Is Delivered?

Claudia Sahm, Matthew Shapiro and Joel Slemrod

16245: Repairing a Mortgage Crisis: HOLC Lending and its Impact on Local Housing Markets

Charles Courtemanche and Kenneth Snowden

16244: The Anatomy of a Residential Mortgage Crisis: A Look Back to the 1930s

Kenneth Snowden

16243: Cross-Country Causes and Consequences of the Crisis: An Update

Andrew Rose and Mark Spiegel

16242: Covered Farm Mortgage Bonds in the Late Nineteenth Century U.S

Kenneth Snowden

16241: Environmental Concern and the Business Cycle: The Chilling Effect of Recession

Matthew Kahn and Matthew Kotchen

16240: Information and Employee Evaluation: Evidence from a Randomized Intervention in Public Schools

Jonah E. Rockoff, Doug Staiger, Thomas J. Kane and Eric S. Taylor

16239: Sadness, Suicidality and Grades

Jeffrey DeSimone

16238: Analyzing Social Experiments as Implemented: A Reexamination of the Evidence From the HighScope Perry Preschool Program

James Heckman, Seong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter Savelyev and Adam Yavitz

16237: Endogenous Gentrification and Housing Price Dynamics

Veronica Guerrieri, Daniel Hartley and Erik Hurst

16236: Foreign Wars, Domestic Markets: England, 1793-1815

David Jacks

16235: The Corrective Tax versus Liability As Solutions to the Problem of Harmful Externalities

Steven Shavell

16234: Corrective Taxation versus Liability

Steven Shavell

16233: Income Differences and Prices of Tradables: Insights from an Online Retailer

Ina Simonovska

16232: Do Citizens Want the Truth about Terrorist Threats Regardless of the Consequences?

V. Smith, Carol Mansfield and Henry Klaiber

16231: Why has the yen failed to become a dominant invoicing currency in Asia? A firm-level analysis of Japanese Exporters' invoicing behavior

Takatoshi Ito, Satoshi Koibuchi, Kiyotaka Sato and Junko Shimizu

16230: Can Cheap Credit Explain the Housing Boom?

Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Joseph Gyourko

16229: Attenuation Bias in Measuring the Wage Impact of Immigration

Abdurrahman Aydemir and George Borjas

16228: Central Banks and the Financial System

Francesco Giavazzi and Alberto Giovannini

16227: Do Differences in Schools' Instruction Time Explain International Achievement Gaps? Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries

Victor Lavy

16226: Leverage Constraints and the International Transmission of Shocks

Michael Devereux and James Yetman

16225: Do Bad Report Cards Have Consequences? Impacts of Publicly Reported Provider Quality Information on the CABG Market in Pennsylvania

Justin Wang, Jason Hockenberry, Shin-Yi Chou and Muzhe Yang

16224: Fiscal and Migration Competition

Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka

16223: Econometric Measures of Systemic Risk in the Finance and Insurance Sectors

Monica Billio, Mila Getmansky, Andrew Lo and Loriana Pelizzon

16222: Hard Times

John Campbell, Stefano Giglio and Christopher Polk

16221: Innovation and Welfare: Results from Joint Estimation of Production and Demand Functions

Jordi Jaumandreu and Jacques Mairesse

16220: Comparing Micro-evidence on Rent Sharing from Three Different Approaches

Sabien Dobbelaere and Jacques Mairesse

16219: The Valuation of Long-Dated Assets

Ian Martin

16218: Monetary Policy and the Uncovered Interest Parity Puzzle

David Backus, Federico Gavazzoni, Chris Telmer and Stanley Zin

16217: Rethinking the Area Approach: Immigrants and the Labor Market in California, 1960-2005

Giovanni Peri

16216: Law and Finance c. 1900

Aldo Musacchio

16215: Managerial Miscalibration

Itzhak Ben-David, John R. Graham and Campbell Harvey

16214: Why Don't Issuers Choose IPO Auctions? The Complexity of Indirect Mechanisms

Ravi Jagannathan, Andrei Jirnyi and Ann Sherman

16213: Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation: Evidence from the Human Genome

Heidi Williams

16212: How Well Are Social Security Recipients Protected from Inflation?

Gopi Goda, John B. Shoven and Sita Slavov

16211: Does Stock Market Performance Influence Retirement Intentions?

Gopi Goda, John B. Shoven and Sita Slavov

16210: A Litner Model of Payout and Managerial Rents

Bart M. Lambrecht and Stewart C. Myers

16209: An Empirical Analysis of Cost Recovery in Superfund Cases: Implications for Brownfields and Joint and Several Liability

Howard F. Chang and Hilary Sigman

16208: The Central-Bank Balance Sheet as an Instrument of Monetary Policy

Vasco Cúrdia and Michael Woodford

16207: Policy Analysis with Incredible Certitude

Charles Manski

16206: CMBS Subordination, Ratings Inflation, and the Crisis of 2007-2009

Richard Stanton and Nancy Wallace

16205: Getting to the Top of Mind: How Reminders Increase Saving

Dean Karlan, Margaret McConnell, Sendhil Mullainathan and Jonathan Zinman

16204: Money and Interest Rates in the United States during the Great Depression

Peter F. Basile, John Landon-Lane and Hugh Rockoff

16203: An Integrated Assessment of Water Markets: Australia, Chile, China, South Africa and the USA

R. Quentin Grafton, Clay Landry, Gary Libecap, Sam McGlennon and Robert O'Brien

16202: Fetters of Gold and Paper

Barry Eichengreen and Peter Temin

16201: Investing in Our Young People

Flavio Cunha and James Heckman

16200: Credit Traps

Efraim Benmelech and Nittai K. Bergman

16199: What Does the Corporate Income Tax Tax? A Simple Model without Capital

Laurence Kotlikoff and Jianjun Miao

16198: Work Incentives and the Food Stamp Program

Hilary Hoynes and Diane Schanzenbach

16197: Are Consumers Affected by Durable Goods Makers' Financial Distress? The Case of Auto Manufacturers

Ali Hortacsu, Gregor Matvos, Chad Syverson and Sriram Venkataraman

16196: Collective Action in Diverse Sierra Leone Communities

Rachel Glennerster, Edward Miguel and Alexander Rothenberg

16195: Did Trade Liberalization Help Women? The Case of Mexico in the 1990s

Ernesto Aguayo-Téllez, Jim Airola and Chinhui Juhn

16194: Are Building Codes Effective at Saving Energy? Evidence from Residential Billing Data in Florida

Grant D. Jacobsen and Matthew Kotchen

16193: What Does Health Reform Mean for the Healthcare Industry? Evidence from the Massachusetts Special Senate Election

Mohamad Al-Ississ and Nolan H. Miller

16192: Rent-sharing, Holdup, and Wages: Evidence from Matched Panel Data

David Card, Francesco Devicienti and Agata Maida

16191: The Behavior of Intoxicated Investors: The role of institutional investors in propagating the crisis of 2007-2008

Alberto Manconi, Massimo Massa and Ayako Yasuda

16190: Monetization and Growth in Colonial New England, 1703-1749

Peter Rousseau and Caleb Stroup

16189: Evaluating Conditions in Major Chinese Housing Markets

Jing Wu, Joseph Gyourko and Yongheng Deng

16188: Spillovers in Space: Does Geography Matter?

Sergey Lychagin, Joris Pinkse, Margaret Slade and John van Reenen

16187: Trading Complex Assets

Bruce I. Carlin and Shimon Kogan

16186: Nonlinearities and the Macroeconomic Effects of Oil Prices

James Hamilton

16185: Preference Signaling in Matching Markets

Peter Coles, Alexey Kushnir and Muriel Niederle

16184: Growing State-Federal Conflicts in Environmental Policy: The Role of Market-Based Regulation

Roberton Williams

16183: The Predictability of Returns with Regime Shifts in Consumption and Dividend Growth

Anisha Ghosh and George Constantinides

16182: Is the Distance to Default a Good Measure in Predicting Bank Failures? Case Studies

Kimie Harada, Takatoshi Ito and Shuhei Takahashi

16181: Ambiguity and Asset Markets

Larry Epstein and Martin Schneider

16180: A New Cost-Benefit and Rate of Return Analysis for the Perry Preschool Program: A Summary

James Heckman, Seong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter Savelyev and Adam Yavitz

16179: How Do Employers React to A Pay-or-Play Mandate? Early Evidence from San Francisco

Carrie Colla, William Dow and Arindrajit Dube

16178: Stronger Risk Controls, Lower Risk: Evidence from U.S. Bank Holding Companies

Andrew Ellul and Vijay Yerramilli

16177: Financial Connections and Systemic Risk

Franklin Allen, Ana Babus and Elena Carletti

16176: Yesterday's Heroes: Compensation and Creative Risk-Taking

Ing-Haw Cheng, Harrison Hong and Jose Scheinkman

16175: The Role of Mortgage Brokers in the Subprime Crisis

Antje Berndt, Burton Hollifield and Patrik Sandås

16174: Off the Cliff and Back? Credit Conditions and International Trade during the Global Financial Crisis

Davin Chor and Kalina Manova

16173: Active Labor Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta-Analysis

David Card, Jochen Kluve and Andrea Weber

16172: Effects of Overweight on Risky Sexual Behavior of Adolescent Girls

Susan Averett, Hope Corman and Nancy Reichman

16171: Why did HIV decline in Uganda?

Marcella M. Alsan and David Cutler

16170: The Risk of Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure at End of Life

Samuel Marshall, Kathleen McGarry and Jonathan Skinner

16169: A Model-Based Evaluation of the Debate on the Size of the Tax Multiplier

Ryan Chahrour, Stephanie Schmitt-Grohe and Martín Uribe

16168: On Graduation from Default, Inflation and Banking Crisis: Elusive or Illusion?

Rong Qian, Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff

16167: Human capital and the Indian software industry

Ashish Arora and Surendra K. Bagde

16166: Evidence of a Modest Price Decline in US Broadband Services

Shane Greenstein and Ryan McDevitt

16165: Implementation of Monetary Policy: How Do Central Banks Set Interest Rates?

Benjamin M. Friedman and Kenneth Kuttner

16164: Death by Market Power: Reform, Competition and Patient Outcomes in the National Health Service

Martin Gaynor, Rodrigo Moreno-Serra and Carol Propper

16163: A Review of War Costs in Iraq and Afghanistan

Ryan Edwards

16162: Calling Recessions in Real Time

James Hamilton